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The Joined Kingdom is a constitutional democracy parliamentary and one monarchy with queen Elizabeth II as the state head. The dependences of the crown of consoles of the narrow channel and isle of the man, formal possessões of the crown, are not part of the Joined Kingdom but they give to form to a federacy with it.[11 ] that the Joined Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories, [ 12 ] all the remaining portions of the British empire, that in its height one room of the surface of the land of the world almost enclosed, making it the empire the greater in history. As a direct result of the empire, influence of English can be observed in infrastructure, the culture, the preferences exhibiting and the language of other main countries including Australia, Canada, New Zelândia, India, Africa of the South, and the United States of America as.well.as in independent states more less global influential. Queen Elizabeth II remains the head of the community of the nations and head of state of the kingdoms of the community. The Joined Kingdom is a developed country, with fifth or sixth the economy the greater depending on source.[13 ] the Joined Kingdom was the power foremost of the world during 1ø and early 20o century, [ 14 ] but the economic cost of two wars of world and the decline of its empire to last half of 20o the century diminished its main paper in global cases. The Joined Kingdom not obstante holds back the economic, cultural influence, to militate and significant politics and is a nuclear power, with the second expenditure of the most raised defense in the world. It arrests a permanent seat in the joined advice of security of the nations, and is a member of the G8, NATO, the européia union and the community of the nations. England and Scotland had existed as separate independent states sovereign and with its proper monarchs and structures politics since ø century. A time that principality independent of wales fell under the control of monarchs English of statute of Rhuddlan in 1284. Under acts of union 1707, England (wales including) and Scotland, that had been in the personal union since the union of the crowns in 1603, agreed to an union politics to the form of a kingdom unified of great Britain.[15 ] that the act of union 1800 joined the kingdom of Grâ Britain with the kingdom of Ireland, that had been brought gradually under an English control between 1541 and 1691, to give form to the Joined Kingdom of Grâ Britain and of Ireland ] in independence 1801.[16 for the free state irish in 1922 had previously followed the thick partition wall of the console of Ireland two years, to the six of the nine counties of the province of Ulster remain inside of the Joined Kingdom, that moved then to the current name in 1927 of the Joined Kingdom of Grâ Britain and Ireland.[17 of the north ] Grâ Britain fêz one has broken important in the age of enlightenment with philosophical and scientific entrance and a literary and theatrical tradition. On the following century the Joined Kingdom played an important paper in developing occidental ideas of the democracy parliamentary with significant contributions to literature, the arts and science.[18 ] the industrial return Join-lead Kingdom had transformed the country and had supplied the British empire. During this time, as great others poders, the Joined Kingdom was involved in the colonial exploration, including the commerce of the slave, when the ticket of commerce act 1807 slave fêz to the Joined Kingdom the first country to forbid the commerce in the slaves. In 1ø century, the country played an important paper in the development of the democracy parliamentary, in part with emergence of a system of the multi-left one. In the end of the age of Victorian the Joined Kingdom lost its industrial leadership, particularly to the German empire, that surpassed the Kingdom Joined in the industrial production and the commerce in 1890s, and to the United States. Grâ Britain remained an eminent power and its empire expanded its maximum size per 1921, gaining the league of previous colonies of the German and ottoman of the excess of the mandate of the nations after world.war.i. After world.war.i, the first international net transmitting large-scale of the world, the BBC, was created. In 1924 the movement labour of the country, that has gained the force since 1890s been slow, gave form to the first government of the work. Grâ Britain fought Nazi Germany in the Second World War I, with its allies of the community including Canada, Australia, New Zelândia, Africa of Sul and India, to be joined later by allies more you add such as the United States. Winston leader Churchill of wartime and its pacific successor Atlee clement helped to create the world to post-war as the part "of the three great ones". The Second World War I left the Joined Kingdom damaged financial. The loans removed during and after the Second World War I of Canada and the United States were economically expensive but, together with dae (automatic device of entrance) to post-war of marshall, the Joined Kingdom started the road to the recovery. The years to post-war immediate turn the establishment the well-being state and of the British of services of public health of the first world and the detailed majority, when the demands of a economy recouping had brought peoples of the community to create a Grâ Britain multi-ethnic. Although the limits to post-war new of the paper politician of Grâ Britain were confirmed by the crisis of Suez of 1956, the international propagation of the language meant the impact continuing of its literature and culture, when at the same time of 1960s its popular culture found the influence in the exterior. After a period of stagnation economic and strife industrial in 1970s one downturn economic after global, 1980s turns inflow of substantial incomes of the oil, and premiership of Margaret Thatcher, under who it had a rupture marked with the consensus economic politician and to post-war. Its supporters credit it with the economic success, but its critics make responsible it for a greater social division. Of 1997 onward one, these trends of the growth had mostly continued under the leadership of Blair tony. The end of 20o century testified a main change to the government of the Kingdom Joined with devolution the Scotland and wales that they make examination of the effect in 1999. The creation of parliament scottish devolved in the detail, with poders legislate on a wide scale of editions, is starting to add to the differences between the countries constituent of the Joined Kingdom. So-called brought to the front the question occidental person of Lothian that is a complaint that devolution for Scotland and wales but not England críe a situation where MPs in parliament BRITISH can vote in the substances that affect alone England but in those same Scotland substances and wales can make its proper decisions. In 2007, the SNP gained the elections scottish of parliament and gave form to a government of minority. New prime minister, Alex Salmond, hopes to arrest a referendum in independence scottish before 2011, even so the SNP can be incapable to start an account to arrest such referendum approved for parliament scottish due to position of minority of the SNP government. If a referendum was arrested, a voting of opinion in 2007 been slow suggested that the result could be end because the sustentation for independence had reached 40% with retention having supported of only 44% of the Union.[21 ] that the Joined Kingdom is one monarchy constitutional with Elizabeth II, queen of the Joined Kingdom of Grâ Britain and Ireland of the North, as the state head; monarch of the Joined Kingdom serves as the state head others of fifteen countries of the community, putting the Joined Kingdom in a personal union with those other states. The Joined Kingdom has a government parliamentary based in strong democratic traditions: the system of Westminster was emulated around world - one legacy of the British empire. Constitution of the Joined Kingdom governs the legal structure of the country and consists of the biggest part in written sources, including statutes, the law of case done judge, and treated international. Because it does not have no difference technique between statutes usual and law considered to be "a constitutional law," parliament British can execute "the constitutional reform" simply passing acts of parliament and has thus the power to almost all change or abolish the written element or unwritten of constitution. However, none parliament can pass the future laws that parliaments cannot change.[22 ] that the Joined Kingdom is one of the three countries in the world today that does not have one constitution codified (the others two that they are Nova Zelândia and Israel).[23 ] the position of the main minister, the head of the Joined Kingdom of government, belongs to the current leader of the political party who can get the one confidence plurality in the common land house. The main minister and its closet are pointed formal by monarch to give to form to the government of its majesty. However, the main minister chooses the closet, and for the convention, the queen respects the choices of main minister. The closet is extracted traditional of the members of the party of main minister in both the legislative houses, and the biggest part of the common land house, the one that is responsible. The executive is exercised by the main minister and for the closet, everything of who privy most honorable of its is juries in the advice majesty, and seats well in ministers of the crown. Gordon bronzes, leader of the party labour, was main minister, first gentleman of the Treasure-house and minister for the civil service since 27 June 2007. Parliament of the Joined Kingdom that if finds with in the palace of Westminster, is the final legislative authority in the Joined Kingdom. Parliaments devolved in Scotland, wales and Ireland of the North, had been established after aprovaçã0 public as expressed in it authenticates them, but in accordance with the doctrine of sovereignty parliamentary, these could abolished for parliament BRITISH. Parliament is composed of the queen and two houses: one marries of common lands elect and a house of gentlemen pointed. Each member in the common land house is chosen by simple plurality in an electoral circle; the general elections are called by monarch when the main minister recommends thus. Parliament does not have no minimum term for one, but a new election must be called inside five year the last general election. The main political parties of Joined Kingdom three are the liberal party labour, party conservative, and democrats. Other parties such as the democratic party of unionist, the national party scottish, Plaid Cymru, social the democratic party and labour, the hold of the party, and the Sinn Féin of unionist of Ulster (of Ireland of the North) more of the remaining seats in the house. In accordance with the politics of the party, no member of Sinn elect Féin of parliament always took care of to the common land house to say in the house on behalf of its constituents as the members of parliament are required to make examination of an oath of allegiance to monarch. However, the five current Sinn Féin MPs has since that 2002 had used the offices and other available easinesses in Westminster.[25 ] the Joined Kingdom is composed of four countries constituent: England, Scotland, wales, and Ireland of the North (consulted to the times as to the nations home in contexts exhibiting.) Last the three have each one legislature devolved, unicameral and its proper executive, lead for prime minister. Parliament scottish wide has poders legislative varying on all the substance that ' will not be reserved specifically ' to parliament BRITISH, including the instruction, healthcare, the law of Scots and the local government. After the 2007 elections, Alex Salmond, leader of the national party scottish, seated well in prime minister of Scotland. Each nation is subdivided for the purposes of the local government. Historicamente, the four nations had been divided in counties and parishes as areas for purposes of the local government. Although these are used still to some extension for this purpose and as geographic areas, they are not longer the only base for the administration of local government. The subdivisões of the superior-upper-tier of England, are the nine regions intermediate-level of the government office. Each region is composed of the counties and unitárias areas of the authority, aside remark of London, that consists of boroughs of London. Although in a point if it intends that these regions would be given its proper elect regional sets, the future of the plant is uncertain following a rejection, for the referendum, of a set considered in the region of the east north. The queen points Senhor-Tenente as its personal representative in areas of lieutenancy through the Joined Kingdom; this is little more of the one than a ceremonial paper. The following table detaches the arrangements for the local government, the areas of lieutenancy and the cities through the nations home: The crown has sovereignty on isle of the man and bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey. Collectively, these three territories are known as the dependences of the crown, possessed lands for monarch British but not part of the Joined Kingdom. They are not part of the européia union. However, parliament of the Joined Kingdom has the authority legislate for the dependences, and the British government controls its extrangeiros cases and defense. The Joined Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories around the world, the last remaining territories of the British empire. The overseas territories are not considered part of the Joined Kingdom, but in the majority of cases, the local populations have citizenship British and the right to the domicile in the Joined Kingdom. This was the case since 2002. The committee appellate of the house of gentlemen (consulted generally only, as "the house of gentlemen") is the cut the most raised in the criminal land for cases and civilians in England, wales, and Ireland of the North, and for civil cases in the law of Scots. The recent changes constitutional summer poders of the house of transference of the gentlemen to new one cut supreme of the joined Kingdom.[28 ] in England and wales, the cut system is directed by the cut of judicature supreme of England and wales, consisting of the cut of appeal, the cut of high justice (for civil cases) and of the cut of the crown (for cases criminal). In Scotland the main cuts are the cut of the session, for civil boxes, and the cut high of justiciary, for cases criminal, when the cut of sheriff will be the equivalent scottish of the county cut. The Joined Kingdom is a permanent member of the joined advice of security of the nations, a member of the G8 and NATO, and a state of member of the européia union. The Joined Kingdom has "a special relationship" with the United States. Europe and U. And aside remark, the allies next to Grâ Britain include nations of the community, English republic of Ireland and other talkative countries. The global presence and the influence of Grâ Britain are amplified more more through its relations negotiating and of its Armed Forces, that keep eighty approximately military installations and other distributions around globe.[29 ] the joined kingdom of Grâ Britain great e of ireland of the north is in Europe occidental person. It understands the console of Grâ Britain (more than England, of Scotland and wales) and one-sixth northeast of the console of Ireland (Ireland of the North), together with lesser consoles. The lies of mainland between the latitudes 49° and 59° N (the consoles of Shetland reach 61° N almost), and the longitudes 8° W 2° E. The real observatory of Greenwich, close to London, is the point defining of the prime meridian. The Joined Kingdom approximately has a total area of the kilometers 245,000.square (94,600.sq.mi). The Joined Kingdom meets enters the Atlantic Ocean north and the sea north, and inside comes close of 35.kilometres (22.mi) of the coast the northwest of France, of that he is separate for the English narrow channel. Ireland of the North shares (224.mi) of a limit of the land 360-kilometre with the republic of Ireland. The narrow channel tunnel ("Chunnel") now binds the Kingdom Joined with the France below of the English narrow channel. The geography of Scotland is varied, with plains in the south and the east and highlands in the north and for the west, including Ben Nevis, the the most raised mountain in isles British in 1,344.metres (4,409.ft). It has arms, firths, and lochs long and deep-sea. It almost has eight one hundred consoles in Scotland, mainly occidental person and in north of mainland, notàvelmente the Hebrides, the consoles of Orkney and the consoles of Shetland. In the total, they is esteem that the Joined Kingdom includes a thousand ] around wales islands.[30 is in the biggest mountainous part, to be peak the most raised Snowdon (year Wyddfa) in 1,085.metres (3,560.ft) above of the level of the sea, however wales south is more less mountainous of the one than the north and wales mid. The north of mainland is the console of Anglesey (Ynys Môn). In the distance greatest between colon in mainland BRITISH of Grâ Britain he is 1,350.kilometres (840.mi) enters the extremity of the land in Cornwall (close of Penzance) and the John O'Groats in Caithness (close to Thurso), a trip of two days for the car. When measured directly north-south one is 1,100.kilometres exceeding small (700.mi) in the length and is a fraction under 500.kilometres (300.mi) in its widest one. The Joined Kingdom has a climate temperate, with rainfall abundant all the round year. The temperature varies with the stations but it leaves to rare fall below de?10.°C (14.0.°F) or of ascensions above of 35.°C (95.°F). The wind prevailing is southwestern, to load frequent spells of the soft and wet time of the Atlantic Ocean. The eastern parts are protected more of this wind and are consequently more the droughts. The chains atlantic, warm for the stream of gulf, bring soft winters, special in the west, where the winters are wet, special high land of the excess. The summers are warmest in the south east of England, being next to mainland European, and coolest in the north. Snowfall can occur in the winter and in the advanced spring, even so away of the high land is established rare to the great depth. A européia measure of the union of urbanisation, the bigger urban zone is a definition harmonised of the area metropolitan. The objective of Eurostat was to have an area of that one has left significant of the residents commutes in the city, a known concept as "the functional urban region". To assure the good availability of data, Eurostat works with administrative limits that approach the functional urban region. Located because they are in a group of the consoles close to continental Europe, the lands that constitute now the Joined Kingdom had been historicamente citizens to the invasions and the migrations, special of Scandinavia and the European continent - including the occupation roman per centuries. The current day British is gone down mainly of the varied ethnic supply that if estabeleciu there before the tenth first century. The influences pre-pre-Celtic, celtic, roman, anglian-Saxon, and of norse had been mixed in Grâ Britain under the Normans, Scandinavian Vikings that had lived in France of the north (Normandy). Since 1945, the international bows forged by the British empire had contributed to immigration substantial, special of Africa and 3sul of Asia, and, more recently, the ascension of new members of I in 2004 had supplied more immigration of continental Europe. As of 2001, 7.9%[37 ] of the BRITISH population identified as one minority ethnic. The figures had published in August 2007 indicate that 682,940 peoples if had applied to the project of the register of the worker (for nationals of the European states eastern central offices and that had joined I in May 2004) between 1 31 May 2004 and June 2007, of who 656,395 were accepted.[55 ] the workers and the peoples self-employed that they are not working (students including) are not required to registar thus under the project that this figure represents a lower limit in inflow of immigration. These figures do not indicate the number of immigrants that since they have returned for house, but 56% of the candidates in the 12 30 months that finish June 2007 told the planning to the sojourn for a maximum of three months, with liquid migration in 2005 of the new states of I that are in 64,000.[40 ] even so the Kingdom Joined of swear do not have an official language, the said language predominant are English, a language germanic occidental person descending of the old English that characterizes a great number old loans of norse and of the Norman. The other aboriginal languages of the Joined Kingdom are Scots (that pròxima to the English is related) and the languages celtic to insular. The last fall in two groups: the P-p-Celtic languages (Welshman and cornish); e the Q-q-Celtic languages (gaelic irish and scottish and Manx). The influences dialectal celtic of Cumbric had persisted in England of the north per centuries, most famous in an original game of the used numbers counting sheep (it sees Yan Tan Tethera). The English language spread through the world (mostly had to the British empire) and changedded thus the language of business of the world. Worldwide, is taught as one second language more of the one than some other.[57 ] the languages celtic of the Joined Kingdom is said by small groups around the globe, mainly gaelic in New Escócia, in Canada, and Welshman in Patagonia, Argentina. The languages immigrant constitute stop up to 10% of the population of the Joined Kingdom, French are said by 2.3% of the population of the country, 1,0% of British say the polisher that reflects the recent massive migration to the Joined Kingdom. 0.9% of the population of the Joined Kingdom say to the German and the 0,8% Spaniard. The majority of other said extrangeiras languages in the Joined Kingdom originates from Europe, Asia and Africa. A great percentage of immigrants to the Joined Kingdom comes of the countries anglophone (such as Nigéria, Jamaica, Hong.kong and the Phillipino), that it is because does not have a diversity much enters some of the ethnic communities of minority of the country. When the Joined Kingdom will have a long tradition of christianity and a linking between the church and the state still remains, in the practical o Joined Kingdom is a secular society predominantly with only 38%[58 ] that it proclaims an opinion in a god. The peoples identify themselves with religion in the Kingdom Joined for cultural and the religious reasons and this are reflected by disparity enter the figures for that they proclaim an opinion in a god and those that are identified with a particular religion. Christianity has the number the greater of the adherent one followed by Islam, hinduism, for Sikhism and judaism. The English church cracked of Rome in 1534, during the kingdom of Henry VIII of England (it sees reformation English). Today, the church of England is the church christian officially established in England and the senior branch office of communion anglican worldwide. Monarch British is required to be a member of the church of England under the act of establishment 1701 and is the supreme regulator. Senior bishop of the church of England is archbishop of Canterbury. The church of Scotland (known informal as the Kirk) broke with the church catholic roman in 1560 (it sees Calvinism and reformation scottish). Today presbyterian is a church, recognized as the national church of Scotland, and nao subjects to the control of the state. Monarch British is an usual member, and is required to swear that an oath "defends the security" of the church in coronation. The episcopal church scottish, that anglican is part of communion, date of the final establishment of Presbyterianism in Scotland in 1690. Ones splits more you add in the church of Scotland, special in the tenth nineth century, had lead to the various creation of to other churches presbyterian in Scotland, including the free church of Scotland. In 1920s, the church in wales was separate of the church of England and became disestablished (it lost its status as the religion of the state). However the church in wales remains in communion anglican. Independent Methodism and other churches are traditional forts in wales. The church of ireland anglican was disestablished in the tenth nineth century. It has covered the entire console of Ireland (Ireland of the North and the republic of Ireland). In Ireland of the North the church catholic in Ireland is the only denomination the greater, even so protestants is in the total majority. The church presbyterian in Ireland is the denomination protestant the greater and is in the terms of theology and history on pròxima to the church of Scotland the church catholic roman is the second denomination the greater of christianity in the Joined Kingdom. After reformation protestant, the strict laws had been passed of meeting to catholics; these had been removed by the laws catholic of emancipation in 1829. Catholic for England has separate hierarchies and wales, Scotland and Ireland. The English had started the industrial return, and, as the majority of countries industrialising in that time, had initially concentrated it in Heavy Industries Ltd. such as shipbuilding, the mining of coal, the steel production, and textiles. The empire created a overseas market for British products, allowing that the Joined Kingdom dominates the international trade in 1ø century. However, while other nations industrialised, connected to economic decline after two wars of world, the Joined Kingdom had started to lose its competitive advantage and heavy industry had declined, for degrees, during all 20o century. The sector of British service, however, grew substantially, and makes above approximately 73% GDP.[70 now ] the British sector of manufacturing, however, diminished extremely, relative to the economy to all, since the Second World War I. It is still a significant part of the economy, but only explained one-sixth of the national exit in 2003.[73 ] the British industry of engine is a significant part of this sector, even so it diminishes with the collapse of the vagabond of magnesium and the majority of the industry is extrangeira possessed person. The civil production and of the defense of the airplane is lead by the aerospace firm the greater of the Joined Kingdom, by systems of BAE, and the européia firm continental EADS, proprietor of Airbus. Rolls-Royce-Royce arrests a main part of global the aerospace market of the engines. The chemical and pharmaceutical industry is strong in the Joined Kingdom, with the world in second and sixth the firms pharmaceutical the greaters (GlaxoSmithKline and AstraZeneca, respectively)[74 ] being based in the Joined Kingdom. The participation of the government during all the economy is exercised by the chancellor of exchequer (currently dear of Alistair) that dirige the Treasure-house of HM, but the main minister (currently brown of Gordon), is first gentleman of the Treasure-house; the chancellor of exchequer is as the gentleman of the Treasure-house. However since 1997, the bank of England, directed for the regulator of the bank of England, has the control of taxes of interest and the other politics monetary. The current currency of the Joined Kingdom is sterling of pound, represented for £ of the symbol that the bank of England is the central banking, responsible to emit the current currency. The banks in Scotland and Ireland of the North hold back the right to emit its proper notes, subject to hold back sufficiently note bank of England in the reserve to cover the edition. The Joined Kingdom chose not to join euro in the launching of the current currency, and the British brown of Gordon of the main minister governed for is of the society for the future foreseeable, dig that the decision not to join had been right for Grâ Britain and for Europe.[77 ] the government of the main minister previous Blair tony had promised to arrest a public referendum for the society if deciding if "five economic tests" they will be found with. In 2005, more of the one than the half (55%) of the Joined Kingdom they were of meeting to adopt the current currency, when 30% were ] in the instruction favour.[78 are a substance devolved and each one of the four countries constituent of the Joined Kingdom has a separate system of instruction, even so England, wales and Ireland of the North are very similar. The secretary of state for the instruction and the abilities is responsible to parliament for the instruction in England, even so the day to the administration of the day and to finance of state schools it is the responsibility of local authorities of the instruction. The sets in wales and Ireland of the North respectively have the responsibility for the instruction in wales and Ireland of the North. In Scotland, the secretary of the closet for the instruction and the learning lifelong is responsible to parliament scottish for the instruction, with day to the administration of the day and to finance of the state schools that are the responsibility of local authorities. The universal instruction of the state was introduced for the preliminary level in the 1870 and secondary level in 1900 (except in Scotland where it was introduced in 1696, ] sees the instruction in Scotland).[79 instructions is imperative of ages five the sixteen (15 if been born in July or behind August). A net of radial road of 46,904.kilometres (29,145.mi) of main roads is centered in London, in Edimburgo and in Belfast, whilst, in Grâ Britain, a net of motorway of 3,497.kilometres (2,173.mi) is centered in Birmingham, Manchester and London. 213,750.kilometres has ones more adds (132,818.mi) of paved roads. The national net of the track of 16.116 kilometers (10,072 miles) in Grâ Britain and 303.route.km (189 route.mi) in Ireland of the North daily loads on 18.000 trains of passenger and 1,000 trains of the freight. The urban nets of the track are developed well in London and other cities. Route.km (30,000 route.mi) of the net of the track in the Joined Kingdom had a time on 48.000, however the majority of this was reduced on a period of 1955 time the 1975, much of it after a report for a council member Richard Beeching of the government in 1960s mid (known as the axe of Beeching). The army, the navy and the Air Force are known collectively as the British Armed Forces (or Armed Forces of its majesty) and officially the Armed Forces of the crown. The commander-in-chief is monarch, queen Elizabeth II and is controlled for ministry of the defense. The Armed Forces are controlled for the defense advice, chaired for the head of the team of employees of the defense. It has forces of the reserve that support the regular Armed Forces. These include the army, real the naval reserve, the real reserve of the marines and the real Air Force territorial auxiliary. This puts total asset and approximately reserves the military staff of the duty in 429,500, unfolded inside on eighty countries. Despite the military potentialities of the Joined Kingdom, the recent politics pragmatic of the defense has an indicated assumption that "the operations exijindo" are undertaken as the one part coalition.[93 ] that it reserves the intervention in Sierra Lion, operations in the Bósnia, Kosovo, Afeganistão and Iraq could all done being examination as precedent. Certainly the last war where the British Armed Forces had fought alone was the war of falklands of 1982, where they were victorious. The health is a substance devolved and even so each one of the countries constituent of the Joined Kingdom has healthcare available its citizens who are free in the point of the necessity (being financed of taxation general), considerable differences if ] is becoming enters systems.[94 generally different though consulted as to the NHS through the Joined Kingdom, infact the England covers of the service of national health only with covering Scotland of NHS Scotland, wales of covering of wales of NHS and the department of the health, of social services and the public security supplying healthcare in Ireland of the North. The NHS is one of the organizations cohesive the greaters of the some types the world inside. With respect to the quality, in contrast in the United States and of other developed countries where independent of the groups of accreditation of the hospital of the central government is used, the BRITISH taking of the government in the paper of the suppliers of healthcare and in assessors of the quality of its delivery through the groups directly organized for departments of government, such as PLEASANT and the CHI. As many sports of the team, football is organized in a separate base for each one of the countries constituent of proper the Joined Kingdom and each one has its association of football, national team and system of the league. Football was developed in the Joined Kingdom and is confortavelmente the most popular sport. The nations home compete in international competitions because England, Scotland, wales and Ireland of the North and, consequentemente, the Joined Kingdom do not compete as an only team in events of football in the games olympic. However, it has proposals to have a BRITISH part of the taking of the team in the 2012 games olympic of the summer, that must be arrested in London. The English associations irish and of the north of football had confirmed the participation in this team when the FA scottish and Welshman FA to decline to participate, fearing that undermine its independent status of the sport. England was most succeeded of the nations home, gaining the cup of the world in 1966. Although it has separate systems of the league of football of the club in each country of the Joined Kingdom, some clubs play outside of the respective of its country for a variety of historical reasons and logistical system. The English system of the league of football includes the hundreds of leagues interlinked, consisting of thousand of the divisions. Premier Liga of the FA is in the high one, followed for the league of football and then for the conference of football, where the structure starts if to become regional and includes premier of the north League, league of the south, league of Isthmian and more additionally. The Premiership is the more-given league attention of football in the world and is particularly popular in Asia; in the People's Republic of China, the matches attract hearings of the television between 100 million and 360 million, more of the one than all the other extrangeiros clubs of sport.[95][96]The Welshman of the city of Cardiff, bay of Colwyn, Merthyr Tydfil, county of Newport, city of Swansea and Wrexham play in the English system. The system scottish of the league of football is very lesser, with only two national leagues: premier scottish Liga (SPL) and the league scottish of football that it has three divisions. It has, however, other regional leagues that are not connected to the national system, the more notàvelmente league of football of highland. An English club, rangers of Berwick, games in the system scottish. The system of the league of football of Welshman includes the regional league of wales and leagues. The league of the club of wales saints new plays its matches home in the English side of the side in Oswestry. The system irish of the north of the league of football includes the league irish of football. A club irish of the north, city of Derry, games its football is of the Kingdom Joined in the republic of the system of the league of football of Ireland. The Joined Kingdom is home to the clubs world-world-renowned of football, such as Liverpool, joined Manchester, Chelsea, and armory of England, and rangers and celtic of Scotland. The British teams had been successful in européias competitions including some that have become European winners of the league of the champions of Cup/UEFA: Liverpool (five times), Manchester was joined (two times), forest of Nottingham (two times), Villa of Asti, and celtic. More clubs of England had gained the cup European of that all the other country (four compared the three of Italy, Germany and the Netherlands). Moreover, thick England in second in all the list of trophies European of the club earned with 35, one of the time behind Italy 36. The proper européia competition of the cup was brought approximately had to the success of one another English club, Wolverhampton Wanderers, of meeting to the superior European sides[97 ] in 1950s. Stadium of Wembley of 90.000 capacities is stadium exhibiting main of the Joined Kingdom. Demolition of stadium ' of previous the twin towers enters and the construction of the new (finished in March 2007), stadium it millennium it to seater of Cardiff 73,000 served momentarily to this paper. Both the forms of rugby are national sports. The league of rugby originates from and is play generally in England of the north, whilst the union of rugby is play predominantly in wales, the Ireland, the Scotland, and England of the south. Supposed Though originating from the actions of William Webb Ellis in the school in rugby, now considers the national sport of wales. In the league of rugby the Joined Kingdom was represented by an only team ' of Grâ Britain ' but this will move for cup 2008 of the world of the league of rugby where separate Scotland, England and Ireland will compete as nations.[98 ] this brings it in the line with the union of rugby where England, Scotland, wales and Ireland (that it consists of players of the republic of Ireland and Ireland of the North) competes already in the international competition. However, each four years one has equipped British and irish of the lions journeys Australia, New Zelândia or Africa of the South, composed of the players selected of all the nations home. It does not have no team Join-wide Kingdom in the cricket. The game was invented in England and the team of the cricket of England, tècnica the team of England and wales, is the only national team in the Kingdom Joined with status of the test. The players irish and scottish had played for England because nor Scotland nor Ireland only have the status and the game of the test in one day Internationals. As of 2006, the teams that represent Scotland, England (and wales), and Ireland (Ireland of the North including) compete in the international level of Um-Dia. England and wales has one championship professional of the league where the teams of the county compete. The Joined Kingdom proved successful in the enclosure for bullfighting exhibiting international in lining up. It is considered extensively that rower most succeeded of the sport it is Steven Redgrave that gained five gold medals and a bronze medal in five consecutive games olympic as.well.as numerous victories in championships of the world and the Henley lining up real Regatta. The game of the tennis originated first from the city of the Joined Kingdom second of Birmingham between 1859 and 1865. Championships of Wimbledon each summer is international events of the tennis arrested in Wimbledon in south London and is considered as the most prestigious event of the global calendar of the tennis. To compete of the pure-blood is popular during all the Joined Kingdom. It originated under Charles II of England as the "sport Dos Reis" and is one pastime real to this day the races World-celebrities of the horse include national the great one, the Epsom Derby and real Ascot. The city of Newmarket is considered the center to compete English, mostly due to racecourse famous of Newmarket. The country is associated pròxima with motorsport. Many teams and drivers in formula one (F1) are based on the Joined Kingdom and in the drivers of Grâ Britain they had gained more headings of the world of that all the other country. The feet of the hosts of the country of the F1 and the world rally championship and have its proper championship to compete of car journeying, championship British of the car journeying (BTCC). The British great Prix occurs in Silverstone each July. The Joined Kingdom was influential in the development of the cinema, with the studios of Ealing that they demand to be the oldest studios in the world. Although one history of important and successful productions, the industry is characterized by a debate ongoing on its identity, and by the influences of the American and European cinema. The famous films include potter of Harry and the series bond of James de Ian Fleming who, even so made now for studios of American, used British materials of source, position, actors and group of the film. The contribution of Scotland includes the writer detective Arthur Conan Doyle, romantic literature for Mr. Walter Scott, the adventures epic of Robert Louis Stevenson and the commemorated poet Robert is burnt. More recently, the Hugh MacDiarmid and the Neil modernist and nationalists M. Gunn had contributed to the renaissance scottish. One outlook more grim is found in histories of Ian Rankin and the psychological horror-horror-comedy of banks of Iain. The capital of Scotland, Edimburgo, is city worldwide of first UNESCO's of literature. The authors of other nationalities, particularly of Ireland, or the countries of the community, had lived and worked in the Joined Kingdom. The significant examples with the centuries include Jonathan Swift, Wilde Oscar, to stoker of Bram, George Bernard Shaw, Joseph Conrad, T. S. Eliot and pound of Ezra, and the British authors more recently loaded in the exterior as Kazuo Ishiguro and Mr. Salman Rushdie. The BBC is corporation the radio of the Joined Kingdom, the television and of transmission public financed of the InterNet, and is the broadcaster the oldest and greater in the world. It operates diverse narrow channels of the television and stations of radio in the Joined Kingdom and the exterior. The service of international notice of the television of the BBC, BBC world, is transmission during the whole world and the net of the radio of the service of the BBC world is transmission in languages of thirty-three global. The house works of the BBC are financed by the license of the television, a legal requirement for all the British house with a television receiver that is in the use to receive transmissions, not obstante if or householders does not give attention to them to the BBC narrow channels. The houses that are the main residence of any person on 75 are exempt[102 ] and the requirement does not extend to the radio listeners. The radio of the service of the BBC world is financed by the extrangeiro and the office of the community and the stations of the television are operated by BBC worldwide in a commercial base of the subscript on the handle and services satellite. This half of forms of together UKTV with ways of virgin is this commercial arm of the BBC. It has five main narrow channels nationwide of the television in the Joined Kingdom: BBC one, BBC two, ITV1, canalize 4 and five - transmitted currently for analogous terrestrial, free-à-air signals with last the three financed narrow channels to announce advertising. The radio in the Joined Kingdom is dominated by the BBC radio, that operates ten national nets and on forty local stations of radio. The station of the most popular radio, for the number of the listeners, is the radio 2 of BBC, followed pròxima for BBC radio 1. It mainly has hundreds of local commercial stations of radio through the country that offers a variety of music or says formats. Popular music: Prominent the contributor BRITISH to the development of the music of the rock enters in 1960s and in 1970s it was the Beatles, rose Floyd, Eric Clapton, the rocks of rolling, lead Zeppelin, that, queen and black Sabbath. The metal weighed, the hard rock, the rock of punk and the new wave were between the variations that had followed. In 1980s advanced, the BRITISH bands of the romantic scene new such as Duran Duran, the modality of Depeche, ballet of Spandau, the soft stack and Ultravox were prominent. In 1990s, the music of the bands of Britpop and the electronica reached the international success. More recent acts of the PNF, including the Smiths, the oasis and the girls of the spice, had assured the continuation of the massive contribution of the Kingdom Joined to popular music. The Joined Kingdom is famous for the tradition "of British Empiricism", a branch office of the philosophy of the knowledge that it indicates that only the knowledge verified for the experience is valid. The most famous philosophers of this tradition are John Locke, George Berkeley and David Hume. Grâ Britain is notable for a theory of the moral philosophy, Utilitarianism, used first for Jeremy Bentham and later for the mill of John Stuart, in its short work Utilitarianism (book). Other eminent philosophers of the Joined Kingdom include William de Ockham, of Thomas Hobbes, Jeremy Bentham, Bertrand Russell, Adam Smith and Alfred Ayer. The extrangeiros loaded philosophers who if estabeleciram in the Joined Kingdom include Isaiah Berlin, Karl Marx, Karl Popper, and Ludwig Wittgenstein. The projects notables of the civil engineering, whose the pioneers had included the kingdom Brunel de Isambard, had contributed national system railway of the transport of the world to the first one. Other open advances way in the Joined Kingdom include the chronometer, the television, the engine of spurt, the modern bicycle, lighting electric, the electric engine, the helix of the screw, the engine of internal combustion, the military radar, the electronic computer, vaccination and antibiotics marine. Academy real is been situated in London. Other main schools of the art include the school of Slade of the art; the university of the arts, London of the six-school, that includes the central college of Saint Martins of the art and the project and the college of Chelsea of the art and the project; the school of Glasgow of the art, and goldsmiths, university of London. This commercial risk is one of visual organizations foremost of the arts of Grâ Britain. Main the British artists include Mr. Joshua Reynolds, Thomas Gainsborough, constable of John, William Blake, J. M. W. Turner, William Morris, bacon of Francis, Lucian Freud, David Hockney, Gilbert and George, Richard Hamilton, Peter Blake, Howard Hodgkin, Antony Gormley, and Anish Kapoor. During 1980s and 1990s been slow, the gallery of Saatchi in London brought to the public attention the one group of the artists of multigenre that they would become known as the new British artists. Damian Hirst, Chris Ofili, Rachel Whiteread, Tracy Emin, Wallinger mark, Steve McQueen, Alfaiate-Madeira of the Sam, and brothers of chapman is flabbily enters the known members better of this movement affiliated. The flag of the Joined Kingdom is the flag of the known union generally as the "union jack". It was created by superimposition of the flags of England (cross of the St George) and of Scotland (cross of Saint Andrew), with the cross of Saint Patrick, representing Ireland, being added to this in 1801. The lion was used as a symbol of the Joined Kingdom; one is described behind Britannia in the part of 50 pence and one is shown crowned in the back part of the 10 part of pence. She is used as a symbol in the non-non-ceremonial flag of the British army. The lions had been used as the devices heraldic, including in the real arms of both the kingdoms of England, Scotland and kingdom of Gwynedd in wales. The lion is characterized in the emblem of the national team of football of England, causing the popular lions of it anthem three of football, and the national team of the cricket of England. The "three lions" in the English covering of arms were originally two leopards. An extra leopard was added by Richard the Lionheart and with the aid of its name, they had become known as three lions. They are extracted now to look at more as lions. The leopards are to meet traditional described for low since the lions were position extracted in all fours or raise in its feet hind that they attack, as in the lion scottish rampant. The British landscape, and special some of its distinctive flora such as the tree of the oak and the rose, has been for much extensively used time one proxy for the visual respresentação of the British identity. The red rose is the emblem of the party labour, of the national team of the union of rugby of England, of the union of football of rugby and Lancashire. ^ is affirmed to the times for those used ones to a legislative tradition that the "god excepto the King/Queen" is not it anthem national Real of the Joined Kingdom - or to the times that are they anthem national of of fact - because none law was passed always to saying that one that it is the case. In the Joined Kingdom, however, such laws are unnecessary; the custom, practical and proclamation are enough to establish it as it they anthem national officer. All twenty-seven states of member of the européia union are also members of the WTO in its proper right: Austria? Belgium? Bulgaria? Cyprus? Czech.Republic.? Denmark? Estónia? Finland.? France.? Germany.? Greece.? Hungria? Ireland.? Italy.? Latvia.? Lithuania.? Luxembourg.? Malta.? Netherlands.and Netherlands.Antilles.? Poland.? Portugal? Romania.? Slovakia.? Slovenia.? Spain.? Sweden.? Joined Kingdom.
A line can be described like ideal zero-width, infinitely long, perfectly straight curve (the curve of term in the mathematics includes "the straight curves") that it contains a number of points infinitely. In Euclidean geometry, a line can be found exactly that it crosses all the two points. The line supplies the shorter connection between the points. In two dimensions, two different lines can be parallels, never meaning they do not come to contact of, or they can intersect to and only a point. In the three or more dimensions, lines can also oblique being, meaning do not come to contact, but moreover they do not define of an airplane. Two distinguished airplane intersect within tutt' to more one line. The three or more points that are found on the same line are call to you collinear. This intuitivo concept of a line can be formalized in several senses. If geometry is developed axiomatically (like in the elements of the Euclid and more subsequently in the foundations of David Hilbert of geometry), then the lines they are defined at all, but they are characterized axiomatically from their property. While Euclid has defined a line like "length without width", it has not used this rather dark definition in its successive development. More abstractly, the prototype of a line is believed usually next to the real line as and supposes that the points on one line levino in feet in one value correspondence univoco with the real numbers. However, one has been able also to use the numbers hyperreal to this fine, or even the long line of topology. In Euclidean geometry, a beam, or the half-linens, data two heads distinguished For (the origin) and the B on the beam, is with of i points C on the line that contains the such points To and B that is not rigorously between the C and the B. In geometry, a beam begins to a point, then ignites in order always in a sense.
But the holidays are different meanings related words in English - speaking countries. Shrinkage is a holy and a day, a holiday originally represented special religious days. This is a general-purpose word evolved into a special meaning to the rest of the day (as opposed to a typical day's rest, such as weekends). The English Closed - mean a greater say in the world during the period. Suit home or business or recreational travel away (for example: "I am going on vacation in Malta next week"); the North American equivalent of a "vacation". . Canada, often using vacation and holidays interaction term to refer to the website, or if you travel away from the rest of the time. Vacation in Australia to refer to the term or gazetted public holidays. Suit as a memorial to the mother and not a 'day or Halloween. The English - Speaking at the world's peoples can set aside by the holidays or culture (in some cases, different countries and cultures), but sometimes there is not normally part of the celebration of any other kind of special culture - or wide (or national) compliance activities. Which may be a holiday, special schools and / or offices are closed, such as Labor Day. This does not move with a series of consecutive holidays observed between the work shift. They tend to be considered a good chance for a short trip. In the late 1990s, the Japanese government passed a law that increased the probability of consecutive holidays from the date fixed by moving the relative position as a public holiday for a month, the second Monday of the same. Well - known holiday: Japan's golden week almost complete - past week. Then, in 2007 amended the law so any two holidays that could occur on both sides, separated by a day on weekdays, in the middle of 2007, a public holiday, thus 3 - a day making the long holidays. , The Netherlands, the Queen's day is celebrated on the 30th of British men who died on April 4 Independence Day in May every five years of work on May 5. Friday and the day is a day of liberation, when the Queen celebrated waterfalls, two days' break of 10 - a day the rest occur. Suit. Periodically, the United States and Canada, the winter holiday season is known for a certain period of time in order to accommodate the Christmas and formed around religious festivals and cultural events all non-Christians only. Generally, this period will start on the beginning and end near, November 1 New Year on January 1. Christmas season is typically referred to the broad interpretation of the commerce to avoid references to specific holidays such as Christmas hanukayina. Traditional "Christmas season" is typically associated with the festival include the winter snow and winter songs. Some Christian country, the last festival of the season is considered to be a festival of the Epiphany, which is only in the Christian creed. Thanksgiving - (fourth Thursday of November) - typically observe the holiday as an expression of gratitude, God traditionally harvested in the fall. It is a traditional meal to celebrate with friends and family shared between Turkey eat. It is a secular holiday, a lot of congratulations, and the United States marks the beginning of the "Christmas season". Comrade, yule - (comrades, at around 21 to 22 December in the northern hemisphere and southern hemisphere June 21 to 22) - This celebration of the Winter Solstice, the longest night and shortest one years, or encourage the things that traditionally marked for life It symbolizes. Sangroksu of decoration, bright objects and lighting; singing songs, giving gifts, banquets and events are often romantic. To celebrate the death and resurrection of the dragon neopagans This is one of the eight sabbats of the sun on the wheel of the year. Hanukkah - (26 March - 2 / 3 tevet - almost always in December) - To celebrate the Jewish holiday of seleucid defeat the forces working to prevent the practice Judaism in Israel, and the celebration of the miracle of the menorah burning indicator only eight days enough oil for one day (olive). The winter holidays are the name of the secular holidays. Itunes category, "Christmas music" as is "Holiday music," which may cause confusion. Suit the English speaking world outside the United States, who for a "holiday" the same "on vacation" - annual holidays, Easter holidays, school holidays , summer holidays skiing holidays and public holidays, including Canada Day (1 July), Canada, celebrating the date of the Federation Canada (Canada has been declared complete independence from Britain until the Constitutional Canada, in April 1982, I work 17). territory previously known 2007, it is his own one day - which Canada has ruled territory within the British Empire. Traditionally, they do not appear on the holiday calendar. These various groups and individuals to celebrate the holidays. Some are designed to promote a cause, the other person is not recognized officially recognized as a historic event, and the others are "funny" holidays, humor and laughter generally distracted and friends of the intention to share the excuses. Although the list of holidays Youngman jokes about suggesting that non - believers are set to be empty, and many non - believers in a variety of honor and other secular holidays, holy days, and that religious belief is often one of the other holidays honor .
The direct current (DC or "continual tidal current") is the electric charge unidirectional flow. The direct current by so originates likes the battery, the thermo-element, the solar cell, enters with the commutator type electrical machinery generator causes. Perhaps the direct current flows in a direction for example wire, but is possible and is through the semiconductor, insulators, even passes the vacuum and in the electron or the ion beam. In the direct current, the electric charge flows in the similar direction, distinguishes it and the alternating current (AC). Stipulation before is used for the direct current is the discharge tidal current. The direct current is perhaps obtained calls from the alternating current supply use current switch arrangement the rectifier, contains the permission tidal current to flow only in a direction. The electronic element (is usual) either the mechanical and electrical element (in history) the direct current is perhaps made the alternating current by the converter or the motor-generator set. The first commercial electric power transmission (by Thomas the Edison development in 19th century later periods) has used the direct current. As a result of the alternating current direct current advantage in the transformation and the transmission, the electric power release today is nearly all alternating currents. In order to apply the request direct current, for example the third rail dynamic system, the alternating current is distributed to the substation, utilizes a rectifier to transform the strength to become the direct current. Watches the tidal current war. The direct current is used the rechargeable battery, with takes the power source in the nearly all electronic system. The very great quantity direct-current strength is extremely used in the aluminum and other electrochemical process productions. The direct current is used for some railroad propelling powers, specially in urban district. The high voltage direct current is used transmission very many strengths from the remote generation stand or the interconnection alternating current strength grid. In the electrical engineering, deadline DC is a synonym is "constant". For example, the voltage stretches across the DC voltage origin to like the tidal current through the DC tidal current origin is constant. An electricity electric circuit DC explanation is all voltages and the tidal current is the constant explanation. It was possibly demonstrated that, any voltage or the current waveform possibly decompose into the DC component and a time variation component sum total. The DC component by the definition is the voltage or the tidal current mean value in all times period. The time variation component mean value is zero. DC was discovered together in many low pressure applications, specially these by the battery supplies power, possibly causes only DC, or solar energy system, because the solar cell possibly causes only DC. The most automobiles application uses DC, although the alternator is uses a rectifier to cause DC the AC equipment. The most electronic circuit requests a direct-current power supply. (Mix hydrogen and oxygen and catalyst cause electricity together using the use fuel cell and waters as by-product) and causes only DC. The most telephones connect the wire double articulation line, (between audio and video signal) (is used with internal separation voltage AC component in two wires from the voltage DC component between two wires supplies telephone power).
Colombia is the 26 largest country in the world and the fourth largest country in South America (after Brazil, Argentina and Peru), with an area more than twice that of France. In Latin America, but in a country with the third largest population, after Brazil and Mexico. The country is currently suffering from low intensity conflicts related to the rebel guerrilla groups, paramilitary groups, drug trafficking and corruption in the smaller cities and in some cities. Conflict arose around 1964-1966, when the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and National Liberation Army (ELN) was established and began its campaign against the guerrilla insurgency Colombian Government several administrations. The word "Columbia" is derived from the name of Christopher Columbus (Cristobal Colon in Spanish, Italian Christopher Columbus). It was conceived revolutionary Francisco de Miranda, as a reference to the New World, especially for all American colonies and territories under Spanish and Portuguese rule. The name was later adopted by the Republic of Colombia in 1819 formed by the merger of Venezuela, New Granada and Ecuador. Spanish researchers have taken the first study Caribbean in 1500 was led by Rodrigo de Bastidas. Christopher Columbus shipping near the Caribbean in 1502. In 1508, Vasco Núñez de Balboa began conquering territory through Uraba region. In 1513, he was also the first European to open in the Pacific, which he called the Mar del Sur (or "Sea of the South"), which, incidentally, would bring the Spaniards to Peru and Chile. In the territory of the population consisted of the Chief of hundreds of tribes and Carib Chibchan, currently known as the Caribbean, before Spaniards conquered through war and alliances, while as a result of illness, as well as demographic conquest itself cause reduction in the number of indigenous people. In the sixteenth century, Europeans began to bring slaves from Africa. Since the beginning of the conquest and colonization period, there were several rebel movements under Spanish rule, the majority of them either crushed or left too weak to change the overall situation. The last of them, who seek immediate independence from Spain, grew up around 1810, after the proclamation of independence of St. Domingo in 1804 (present day Haiti), who provided non little support, in the end, the leaders of the rebellion: Simon Bolivar and Francisco de Paula Santander. Simon Bolivar was the first president of Colombia and Francisco de Paula Santander was vice president when Simon Bolivar stepped down, Santander became the second president of Colombia. In rebellion finally succeeded in 1819, when the territory of the Republic of New Granada became the Republic of Gran Colombia organized as a confederation along Ecuador and Venezuela (Panama was part of Colombia). Internal political and territorial differences led to the separation of Venezuela and Quito (Ecuador today) in 1830. At the moment, the so-called "Department of Cundinamarca, then adopted the name" New Granada, which it kept until 1856 when he became a "Granadina Confederation (Confederation Grenadines). After two years of civil war in 1863, the "United States of Colombia" was created, which will continue until 1886, when the country finally became known as the Republic of Colombia. Internal differences remained between the bipartisan political force, sometimes igniting a bloody civil war, the most significant being the Thousand Days of civil war (1899 - 1902), which together with the United States intent to influence in the region (especially the construction of the Panama Canal and control) led for the separation of the Department of Panama in 1903, and its creation as a nation. Colombia, covering a year long war with Peru over a territorial dispute with the Department of Amazonas and its capital Leticia. Soon after, Colombia has achieved a relative degree of political stability, which was interrupted in the bloody conflicts that have occurred between the end of 1940 and early 1950, during the period, known as "Violencia (" The Violence "). His case was basically because of the tensions between the two major political parties, which subsequently ignited after the assassination of Liberal candidate for the Presidency Jorge Eliécer Gaitan on April 9, 1948. This murder as a result of unrest in Bogota and became known as "El Bogotazo, the violence of the riots by spreading in the country and claimed the lives of at least 180000 Colombians. From 1953 to 1964 violence between the two political parties declined at first when Gustavo Rojas deposed President of Colombia in the coup attempt, and negotiations with the rebels, and then within the military junta, General Gabriel París Gordillo. After Rojas deposition of the two political parties Colombian Conservative Party and the Liberal Party of Colombia have agreed to set up a "National Front", in which the Liberal and Conservative parties will jointly manage. The presidency will be determined by an alternating conservative and liberal president every 4 years, 16 years, the two sides will have parity in all other elective offices. National Front ended with "La Violencia, and the National Front administrations have tried to institute far-reaching social and economic reforms in cooperation with the Alliance for Progress. In the end, every subsequent conflict between liberal and conservative administration made clear results mixed. Despite progress in some sectors, many social and political injustice, and many continued guerrillas were formally established such as the FARC, ELN and the M-19 to fight with the Government and political apparatus with the influence of the cold war doctrine. Emerging in the late 1970's powerful and violent drug cartels in the 1980s and 1990. In Medellin Cartel by Pablo Escobar and the Cali Cartel, in particular, efforts by political, economic and social influence in Colombia during that period. These cartels also financed and the influence of various illegal armed groups throughout the political spectrum. Some of the enemies of links with the guerrillas and created or influenced by paramilitary groups. The new Constitution of Colombia, in 1991 was ratified after drafted by the Constituent Assembly of Colombia. The Constitution includes key provisions relating to political, ethnic, gender and human rights. The new constitution originally prohibited the extradition of Colombian nationals. Were charged with drug cartels in lobbying in favor of the ban. In cartels, which had previously contributed to the campaign of violence against extradition, resulting in many terrorist attacks and mafia-style killings. They also are trying to influence the government and political structure of Colombia through corruption, as in the case of the 8000 Process scandal. In recent years, the country is still suffering as a result of drug trafficking, guerrilla insurgencies, as FARC and paramilitary groups such as the AUC (subsequently demobilized, although it remains an active paramilitary), which along with other minor factions participated in the bloody internal armed conflict. President Andres Pastrana and FARC attempts to negotiate a settlement of the conflict between 1998 and 2002 but was unable to do so. President Andres Pastrana also begun to implement the Plan Colombia initiative with the dual purpose of ending the armed conflict and promoting a strong anti-drug strategy. During the presidency of Alvaro Uribe, who was elected on the prospects for the application of military pressure on the FARC and other criminal groups, some indicators have improved, resulting in a reduction in the number of kidnappings registered (3700 2000 800 2005), and a decrease of more than 48% in the period between murders July 2002 and May 2005 and the terrorist guerrilla themselves dropped from 16900 to 8900 rebels rebels. He argued that these improvements have contributed to economic growth and tourism. [9] In 2006-2007 Colombian parapolitics scandal arose from revelations and judicial consequences of past and present links between paramilitary groups, mainly in the AUC, and some government officials, and many politicians, most of them in conjunction with the governing administration. [10] Geologicheski Colombia are two great land zones, a station in the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea in a total area of 828660 km ², and, secondly, there were land, which is formed by the Andes mountain range and plains Llanos, which together with Venezuela and occupies an area of approximately 1'143748 km ². Colombian surface characteristics form complex structures lands. In the western third of the country's territory, is the most difficult starting in the Pacific coast in the west and move east longitude at 5 degrees north, the various elements of the sequence occurs; At the far west are very narrow and discontinuous Pacific coastal lowlands, which are based on Serranía de Baudó, one of the lowest Colombia and narrow mountain ranges. Next is a wide Atrato region of Rio / Rio San Juan lowlands. In western mountain range, the Western Cordillera, a moderately high range with peaks reaching up to about 13000 feet (4000 m). In the Cauca river valley, an important agricultural region with few major cities on its borders separating the West from the massive Cordillera Central Cordillera. Several snow-clad volcano in the Cordillera Central have summits that rise above 18000 ft (5500 m). In the Magdalena River valley, one of the main transportation arteries that separates the Central Cordillera of the main eastern range, the Cordillera Oriental. In the eastern mountain peaks moderately high. This range differs from Colombia in the other mountain ranges in the fact that it contains several large pools. In the east, sparsely populated, apartment in the gently rolling eastern lowland called Llanos orientales part in the Orinoco River basin, and in the Amazon jungle, covered part of the Amazon (the so-called basins of the eastern plains) covers almost 60 per cent of country's total area. In the northern plains mostly natural part of the Caribbean region, which includes the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range, the highest mountain in the sea and the Guajira Peninsula, mainly dry with another distinct group from the Andes Mountains, in the Serranía de Macuira to form Guajira Barranquilla-xeric scrub. Climate Colombia is determined by its proximity to the Earth's Equator predominating tropical climate and insulated, introducing changes within five natural regions, and, depending on height; determined mountain climate, temperature, humidity, wind, depend on the trade winds and rainfall, which influence the Intertropical zone convergence. Colombia also suffered from the effects of El Nino and La Niña. Depending on the height of lowering the temperature of about 3.5 ° F (2 ° C) for every 1000 feet (300 m) increase in height above sea level, is a permanent snowy peaks to the bottom of the hot earth. Precipitation depending on the location and is present in two seasons (two dry and two rain), in Colombia is one of the highest rain in the world, in the Pacific. Precipitation in some areas of La Guajira peninsula rarely exceed 30 people (75 cm) a year. Colombia in the rainy south-east, however, are often drenched by more than 200 in (500 cm) of rain per year. Precipitation in most of the rest of the country is taking place between those two extremes. Altitude affects not only the temperature but also the vegetation. In fact, the height is one of the most significant impacts on vegetation patterns in Colombia. In mountainous areas of the country may be divided into several zones of vegetation, depending on the height, although height of each zone can vary somewhat depending on the latitude. In "Earth caliente (hot land), below 3300 feet (1000 m), a tropical crops. In templada Earth (moderate land) that is mounted at an altitude of 3300 to 6600 feet (1000 to 2000 m). Wheat and potatoes dominate in the Earth fría (cold land), and at altitudes of 6600 to 10500 feet (2000 to 3200 m). In a zone forestada "(forest area), which is between 10500 and 12800 ft (3200 m and 3900). Treeless land, pastures dominated páramos table, or alpine meadows, and at altitudes of 12800 to 15100 feet (3900 to 4600 m). Above 15100 ft (4600 m) where temperatures below is the "Earth helada", a zone of permanent snow and ice. Colombian flora and fauna also interact with the climate zone models. A scrub forest scattered trees and shrubs dominated the semi-arid north-eastern tropical steppe and desert. To the south, savannah (tropical grassland) vegetation eastern plains; part of the llanos of Colombia. In the rainy areas in the south-east are blanketed in tropical rain forests. In the mountains, the spotty nature of rainfall in the highland areas complicate vegetation patterns. In the rainy side of the mountain can be lush and green, but on the other hand, in the rain shadow can be parched. As a result, Colombia is considered among the 17 most megadiverse countries of the world. [14] In the environment in Colombia caused by natural disasters and human impacts on the environment. Natural disasters are defined in accordance with the Global Positioning Colombia to the Pacific ring of fire infliction of geological instability. In Colombia, about 15 major volcanoes, which are a result of the tragedy, as Armero and geological faults that have caused numerous devastating earthquakes, in 1999 Armenia earthquake. Human induced deforestation is also added to the problems of geological instability and flooding during the rainy season, the two regions are very sensitive to these mainly in the Caribbean region of Colombia; La Mojana area and Magdalena River. The population increase and the burning of fossil fuels and industries, including the production of other human waste contaminated the environment of major cities and near water sources. Participants in the Colombian armed conflict also contributed to the pollution of the environment in Colombia. In the illegally armed groups deforested much of the land the plant illicit crops (mostly in the public protected areas), while the government fumigation of crops with the use of hazardous chemicals. The rebels also destroyed pipelines creating major environmental disasters. The Government of Colombia is taking place within the presidential representative democratic republic, as stipulated in the Constitution of Colombia in 1991. The Colombian government is divided into three branches of government, executive, legislative and judicial branches with special supervision institutions and electoral institutions. President of Colombia is the maximum representative of the executive branch in Colombia, and is the Head of State and Head of Government with a higher administrative body, then vice president and the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Colombia. At the provincial level executive is the responsibility of the Department of governors, municipal mayors at the municipal level, and local administrators for small administrative units, such as corregidor for corregimientos. The legislature in Colombia represent the National Congress of Colombia, which constitute an upper house Senate and the House of Representatives. At the provincial level, the legislature is in the collection department and the municipal level, with municipal councils. Both the legislative and executive branches of government share a great part of public authorities and the judicial branch of Colombia function as an independent body from the two other branches, which have total power. The judiciary under the adversarial system is represented in the Supreme Court, which is the highest authority in this field, but shared the responsibility with the Council of State, the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Judicial Council, which also have jurisdiction and the regional courts. Colombia is divided into 32 departments and one capital, which will be treated as a department. There are a total of 10 districts established for the city in Colombia, including Bogota, Barranquilla, Cartagena, Santa Marta, Tunja, Cúcuta, Popayan, Buenaventura, Tumaco and Turbo. Колумбия также подразделяются на несколько муниципалитетов, которые образуют департаменты, в каждом из муниципальных место столицы назначены. Колумбия также подразделяются на коррехимьенто которые образуют муниципалитеты. Каждый отдел имеет местного самоуправления, который возглавляет департамент губернатора и его собственный отдел собрания избирается сроком на четыре года в региональных выборах. Каждый муниципалитет также возглавляет муниципальных мэра и городского совета. И для коррехимьенто там будет избран corregidor или местного лидера. 18 Гуахира 19 Магдалена 20 Мета 21 Нариньо 22 Норте де Сантандер 23 Путумайо 24 Quindío 25 Risaralda 26 Сан-Андрес и Провиденсия 27 Сантандер 28 Сукре 29 Толима 30 Валье-дель-Каука 31 Vaupes 32 Vichada 33 Боготе * (округа капитал) Некоторые департамента также местных административных региональных подразделений, таких, как департаментов Антиокия и Кундинамарка, где города есть большой концентрации населения и муниципалитетов, расположены ближе друг к другу. В случае некоторых департаментов, где население по-прежнему ощущается нехватка проблем безопасности, таких, как в восточных департаментах Колумбии Амазонас, Ваупес и Vichada существуют специальные административные определения территорий, некоторые из них рассматриваются Департаментом коррехимьенто, которые представляют собой гибрид между corregimiento и муниципалитет. Разница, кроме населения, также распространяются на сокращение установленного бюджета. Исполнительная власть несет ответственность за управление делами обороны Колумбии с президентом Колумбии является верховным главнокомандующим вооруженными силами, а затем министром обороны, который контролирует Вооруженные силы Колумбии и колумбийской национальной полиции, среди других учреждений . Колумбийская армия разделена на три ветви с их цепочки командования; колумбийской Национальной армии, ВВС Колумбии и колумбийскими Национальный Армада. В национальных полицейских функций в качестве жандармерии, независимо от Военно как правоохранительные учреждения по всей стране. Каждая из этих операционных с их собственной разведывательной аппаратуры, а также отдельно форме национальной разведки административным департаментом де Безопасность. Национальная полиция присутствие во всех муниципалитет мест Колумбии, в то время как национальная армия формируется отделов, полков и специальных подразделений. Колумбийская Национальная Армада формируется в Колумбии морской пехоты, военно-морских сил в Тихом океане, военно-морских сил в Карибском бассейне, военно-морских сил в Южной, Колумбия береговой охраны, военно-морской авиации и специфические командования Сан-Андрес и Провиденсия. Колумбийские ВВС составляют 13 воздушных подразделений: EMAVI, ESUFA, IMA, CACOM 1, CACOM 2, CACOM 3, CACOM 4, CACOM 5, CACOM 6, CATAM, CAMAN, GACAR и GAORI. Министр иностранных дел Колумбии, возглавляемый президентом Колумбии и управляться с министром иностранных дел. Колумбия имеет дипломатических миссий на всех континентах, но не во всех странах, а также многосторонних отношений с Брюсселем (Миссии Европейского союза), Женева (постоянные представительства при Организации Объединенных Наций и других международных организаций), Монтевидео (постоянных представительств при ЛАИ и МЕРКОСУР) Найроби (постоянные представительства при Организации Объединенных Наций и других международных организаций), Нью-Йорк (постоянные представительства при Организации Объединенных Наций) Париж (Постоянное представительство при ЮНЕСКО), Рим (Постоянное ФАО) Вашингтон (Постоянное представительство при Организации американских государств) . В международных отношениях Колумбии в основном сосредоточены на борьбе с незаконной торговлей наркотиками, улучшение изображения Колумбии в международном сообществе, борьба с терроризмом, расширение колумбийских товаров на мировом рынке и экологические проблемы. Колумбия пользуется особым военным и торговое сотрудничество и поддержку со стороны Соединенных Штатов в основном через План Колумбия в борьбе против внутренних вооруженных групп, а также особые финансовые преференции со стороны Европейского союза в определенных продуктов. Политика Колумбия проходить в рамках президентской представитель демократической республикой, как это предусмотрено в Конституции Колумбии в 1991 году. Конституция наделила Национального избирательного совета, а также национального реестра гражданских государство с помощью функции организации и контроля за избирательным процессом в Колумбии. Начиная с 2005 года реформа избирательного процесса соблюдает закон 974 от 2005 г., изменен способ организации политических партий и взаимодействовать в правительстве. Колумбии проходит через три избирательных процессов избрать кандидатов, в течение четырех лет, а президентские выборы, на посты президента и вице-президента кандидатов (разрешено служить одной переизбрания, 8 лет), Парламентские выборы в конгресс; сената и палаты представителей (уполномоченных многие термины путем переизбрания), а также региональных выборов к выборам губернаторов департамент, департамент собраний, муниципальных мэров и муниципальных советов и местных административных хунт (исполнительной региональными лидерами являются только уполномоченные на один срок в этой должности). На последних президентских и парламентских выборов были по 28 мая 2006 года, в котором президент Альваро Урибе был избран в результате голосования 62%, причем 22% будет Карлос Гавирия в Демократической полюсе, и 12% для Орасио Серпа от Либеральной партии. Колумбия в двухпалатный парламент конгресса Колумбии состоит из 166 мест в Палате представителей Колумбии и 102-место сената Колумбии. Члены обеих палат избираются всенародным голосованием, чтобы служить четырехлетний срок. С конгрессменами, Колумбия также избирает президента. Департамент депутатов, городские советы и мэры избираются один год и пять месяцев после президента и конгрессменов в выборах. Последние региональные выборы на 28 октября 2007 года с примерно 27 миллионов колумбийцев склонны голосования избрать между около 86 тысяч кандидатов представлять 1098 колумбийских муниципалитетов и 32 губернаторов департаментов Колумбии. Колумбийские власти мобилизовали 167559 солдат и полицейских, с тем чтобы бдение в 9950 голосовании сайтов. [15] Процесс выборов в судебной системе возглавляет Конституционного суда и членов, назначаемых Конгрессом Колумбии из кандидатур, выдвинутых президентом и другими высокопоставленными судов, председателей судов, в то же время избран в ходе внутренних выборов. В избирательной институты и институты по контролю Колумбия лица, также назначаются президентом и утверждаются на съезде, как генеральный инспектор Колумбии. Колумбия экономика подпитывается богатыми природными ресурсами, очень грамотного населения и сравнительно высокой стоимостью валюты. После испытывают десятилетий неуклонного роста (средний рост ВВП превысил 4% за период 1970-1998), Колумбия пережила спад в 1999 году (первый полный год отрицательный рост с 1929 года), и о взыскании с, что спад был долгим и болезненным. Колумбия экономика страдает от слабого внутреннего и внешнего спроса, жесткой государственных бюджетов, а также серьезные внутренние вооруженные конфликты. Колумбия является также крупнейшим экспортером пизанги в Соединенные Штаты. В Латинской Америке, Колумбии известна как поставщик штраф нижнего белья, с промышленностью в центре Медельина. Все импорт, экспорт, и общее сальдо торгового баланса в рекордного уровня, и приток экспортных долларов, привело к значительной переоценки колумбийского песо. Проблемы, с которыми сталкиваются страны колеблется от системы пенсионного проблемы наркотиков с умеренно высокий уровень безработицы (12%). Ряд международных финансовых учреждений, высоко оценили экономические реформы нынешнего президента Альваро Урибе, которые включают в себя меры, направленные на доведение государственного сектора дефицита ниже 2,5% от валового внутреннего продукта (ВВП). В экономической политики правительства и его противоречивые демократической безопасности, стратегия породила растущее чувство уверенности в экономике, и темпы роста ВВП в 2003 году был одним из самых высоких в Латинской Америке. 28 мая 2007 г. Американский журнал BusinessWeek опубликовал статью именования Колумбия самых экстремальных Emerging Market на Земле. [18] Именно эта третья более важным городе Колумбии, Кали Сантьяго столицу департамента долины Каука в suroccidente в стране, это, заключается в 484 км от столицы страны (Богота), Кали является одной из крупных финансовых центрах Колумбии, как это в общих знаний она также Кали один из крупных и мощных городов Колумбии, это второй город, населенных более, если мы говорим о гражданской сфере, потому что он / она имеет 2,1 million жителей, и он превзошел по гражданским периметру Санта веру Боготе в среднем на 6, 8 млн. человек, если речь идет о столичном районе она является третьей часов более густонаселенных затем он обладает 2,9 млн. жителей, поскольку для этого он превзошел по муниципальные районы, как, в столичном районе Боготы DC в среднем на 8,1 миллиона жителей, а также изюм столичном районе города Медельин в среднем на 3,1 млн. человек. Этот город обладает огромным потенциалом, что находит отражение на международном уровне, она является центром некоторых колумбийских событий без большое значение, хотя она не преодолены в мероприятиях в столицу страны "Боготе DC", а в Картахену из Индии DT и С. весьма признателен событий в Кали являются (Справедливая из сахарного тростника, в Кали, который является весьма признателен ярмарка в Латинской Америке, еще один случай значение Кали Exposhow которая является событием, что преобладает в моде, здоровье и красоты в Колумбии). То, что действительно имеет значение в Кали, состоит в том, что он обладает районе, большие и успешные финансовые bastantemente, этот город, который он / она признает, поскольку он также является одним из старейших из Колумбии и Латинской Америке, она была разработана практически в одиночку, потому что очень далеко от столицы страны, это единственный город, который был разработан на столь высоком уровне в одиночку перед Экономическое положение о том, что успех в предоставлении в Колумбии. Он выражается как промежуточное город и без актуальности в Латинской Америке, в столичной области выделяется в целом; общества, экономики, культуры и истории, Кали располагает административными и финансовыми активной областью, где вы / они несколько серий величественно из больших и интеллектуальных конструкций, в том числе те, что, как один из хороших известных конструкций из метрополий "Башня Кали" с 48 этажа \ 180 метров высотой самом высоком здании города, а также с разбивкой по архитекторов резкое рассуждать, как один из лучших сооружений в Латинской Америке. С учетом этого типа отношения, что город принял в последние годы она выражается, что Кали является DC один из городов, которые имели больше развитие в прошлом веке в Колумбии вместе с Медельине и Боготе Экономика Кали является централизованной в сахарного тростника, в текстильной области, туризма , в городе начинается с 3 секторов экономики, в которых преобладают конструкции с ростом 28,27%, по промышленности, что 14,59% вырос; торговли, с 11, 15%, и транспорт, с 9,76% в начале 2008 года , согласно статистическим из НСУ, а приобретательной роста сократились, начиная с 1994 года, когда в Кали был забрать свой вклад в Национальный ВВП на 9,6% , отсюда в столичной экономике происходит постепенное снижение до прибытия в год с 2000 года до 5,7 % от национального ВВП, начиная от экономики здесь снова возвышает его до тех пор, пока прогресс, прибывающих в 2007 г. с 7,2% от национального ВВП, то цели , что считается для этого первого триместра для Торговой палаты Кали был даже один catkin в размере 12,5% от ВВП, митрополит расшифровываются в 2007 г. Организацией ДАНЕ, выработать таким образом, до 8,3% от национального ВВП. В финансовой сфере в целом, что метрополий проходить, как сахар, компания более признателен vallecaucana для этой полезности "Из Христофор Колумб", в документе, компания более признателен vallecaucana для этой утилиты является "Карвахаль", строительства, весьма признателен компании этой полезности "Цементы Аргус", который является союз (компания Паиса "Аргус" и компании Vallecaucana "Цементы из долины"), цементы завоевателя (Кали) ", между большой группой, и производителей fluyente, среди других коммунальных услуг , что он обладает город, как недвижимость, финансовые услуги и услуги в целом, как "отели, рестораны и другие", В городе Кали, и в долине Каука соответствовать одной из главных экономических осей Колумбии. Город является точкой экономических национальных и международных обменов. Она вынуждена шаг из / в направлении юга страны и границы с Эквадором, и это связано с миром через морской порт Хорошее состояние. По традиции, города и департамента они были пространства страны собственности, той же, что было во времена Колонии, с минами, является ось более важным постановка suroccidente в стране и третья более важным из Колумбии. В сфере образования, в университете с более престиж в городе, в департаменте и регионе является университет Валье, это Метрополитен и департаментов университета, является одним из наиболее отметил на национальном и международном уровне, с его главной штаб-квартирой в Сантьяго Кали, это, выделяется в нескольких средах, как они; математики, медицины, литературы среди прочих подробнее ... Еще один университет, что тот, который сохраняется, но лишенных символов является "Университет Сантьяго с Кали, которая является одним из университетов, что soaks нас они обладают. Этот город, по мнению некоторых писателей, художников международного размера, призывает его / ее филиал небо, столице соус среди прочих прозвищ больше, чем они заполняют от гордости Caleño ... Кали является также одним из городов, что в Колумбии с потенциалом в области туризма, места, что один принимает, как образ Кали являются, их площади и музеи, парки, библиотеки, на холме Сан-Антонио, Башня Кали, Река Кали, The Памятник Христа королем в Кали, Памятник Себастьян из Белалказар, административные башни Емкали, помимо своих текущих проектов и фьючерсы. The projects that are carrying out at the moment in the metropolitan area of Cali are; The center of Conventions Valley of Pacific is in the freeway Cali-Yumbo metropolitan "area of Cali" is the second bigger center of conventions of the nation, and the third at South American level, another project is the stadium of sport Cali in the straight line Cali-Palmira metropolitan "area of Cali" is the biggest Stadium in Colombia and with more technology and one of those that give the size at international level as to receive an average of 58.000 spectators, which is also foreseen for a possible world future of Soccer in Colombia; a very important project is also Ilabama, which is the cultural biggest center in the nation is in the central area of the city, another project is MIO, transport massive for the city of Cali which also possesses its stations buses of great size and "MIO cable" to arrive to the high area of Cali. Cali, although it is not brought near Bogotá DC in many environments, it is a competition for other cities like Barranquilla in mutual importance, of which is already doubted since both they are administrative and financial big and powerful areas "Cali and barranquilla", until recently there was dispute, but given to the millionaire losses that he/she took place the city and to the socio-economic problems, but the importance between Cali and Medellín is mutual although at the moment Cali continues being the third city of the country, because the projects of those which nowadays are carried out in Cali they give place to an improvement and appraisement to the metropolises. In the education, the university that prevails in Medellín is the University of Antioquia, this Metropolitan and departmental university with main headquarters in Medellín, this it is one of the state most renowned universities, it is in turn, it is among the best and grateful in the Colombian Republic, he/she stands out in Literature, Medicine and Dentistry, among other more... Another university that is known enough and it prevails in the region in the environment of the education, it is the headquarters in Medellín of the National University of Colombia the University of Medellín it is also one of the most noted universities that the paisas possesses. Medellín or also call the capital of the mountain, he/she has always stood out to stay vigorously high in their since economy in the year 1996 where Medellín was in its point summit of 9.4% of the National GDP, starting from here its economic acquisition stayed until arriving a year 2002 where the economy paisa 1.2% of the National GDP that the city contributed fell, it stops this way to be in 8.1% of here the economy stays in constant high and low where in the first trimester of the 2007, Medellín was contributing 8.2% of the National GDP, but in the last study carried out by the DANE Medellín represents 7.94% of the National GDP at the moment, the perspective that the Chamber of Commerce of Medellín has for this first trimester is an increase considered excellently by many experts high, because it is an increase of 16.7% of the metropolitan GDP so that the economy is this way for the first trimester in a contribution of 9.2% of the National GDP, but at the present time Medellín like it was named previously it represents 7.94% of the National GDP that in turn together with the Valley of it Bores they contribute near 10.8%, you calculate revealed by the DANE in the last trimester of the 2007. Being one of the most productive regions in the country. He/she has a GDP per capita (with PPA) from US $ 3.794 superior to the main other cities of Colombia and a managerial density is of 25 companies for each 1.000 inhabitants that it is third o'clock more high of Colombia. The economy of Medellín is centered a lot in the textile area, the fashion in dressing in the one that the metropolises intrude in an exorbitant way, is also Medellín center of many events that support the society, metropolitan economy, hence it is a tourist center of big satisfaction to the society paisa, these they are some of the companies paisas that have been successful firm in the last decade, EPM, UNITES, among other many companies of all type of character, especially textile, since Medellín is the national most important center in the Textile area and financier you dare of Bancolombia. Medellín like it has been named previously it is so much a very dense area administrative and financial, a great dispute of the second place existed between Medellín and Cali, in fact Medellín you overcomes much more than Cali during long time, for its good economy its socioeconomic and ecological good state, also given to the descrecencia of the economy caleña and the quantity of constant embezzlements that gave place in the city of Cali, besides the great quantity of factors that you/they helped Medellín become the great metropolises of now, the Meter of Medellín you intervening with three kilometers is at the moment but and with the meter cables and meter bonus that feed him, but even this way Medellín and Cali not defendant bigger results to give an I diagnose accustomed to of which is more you care you , reason why the importance is mutual. Being the capital of the department of the Atlantic one, Barranquilla it is the fourth most important city for Colombia, it is the Colombian marine more important port of the Atlantic one and the most important second in the since country the most important it is the port of Good fortune, Barranquilla it is the fourth city in all the aspects, Economic, social, Urban, this city is inhabited by an average of 1.2 million inhabitants. The economy of Barranquilla is based on its marine area, although it is also known to be tourist place, it lacks a financial very big area it is a medium area compared with the previous cities, Barranquilla passed to the category of Special, Industrial and Port District of Barranquilla in 1993 because it highlights its importance in the sector of the national economy. In the same way, the city is in the tourist first region of Colombia, North Costa, between the main poles of attraction like Cartagena of Indies to the suroccidente, besides San Andrés and Providence Islands, and Santa Marta to the nororiente. In Barranquilla he/she takes place the most important Carnival in Colombia and the third in Latin America, which is the "Carnival of Barranquilla" carried out in the metropolitan area of Barranquilla. In education the good known university for this area of Colombia is the University of Atlantic, this Municipal and regional University is the most noted for these sides of Colombia, he/she stands out in; Biology, Microbiology, Biology Marina, Physics among other more ... Barranquilla or also call the Sandy one, is an industrial center of first order. The economic activity is dynamic and he/she concentrates mainly on the industry, the trade, services and he/she fishes. Among the industrial products the vegetable fats and oils are had, pharmaceutical, chemical, industrial products, footwear, chassis for buses, drinks, soaps, bricks, garments of dressing and crafts. The city has the best infrastructure in Frank Area in the Region Caribbean and of the best in the country. Branquilla produces an average of 5.8% GDP. Being the capital of Bolívar's department, Cartagena of Indies DT, is the most important city at historical level in the nation the same as at Latin American level, although this alone city possesses 0.9 million inhabitants and although it is not vastly big, it is where the Colonists began to face the native South Americans, it was the city more hit by the European colonists, its history is demonstrated by their old walls, canyons and castles of the old city of Cartagena, Cartagena is at the moment the city with more tourism in Colombia and one of those that possess a lot of tourism at international level, in Cartagena is the city in the one that more they are carried out events at National level but national and international character, the most outstanding are; (The National reign of Beauty, which is carried out as a rule in the hotel HILTON Cartagena of Indies, another event is the fair of the book that gives place in Cartagena, which is the second literary more important fair of the paí, because the most important is the Fair of the book in Bogotá DC), Cartagena like you already names previously it is the good known center for many events of national and international size, it is also a fundamental great port of Colombian Atlantic, Car [[Imagen:Cartegena102 .jpg |thumb |left |300px |Night Pánoramica of the old city of Cartagena.]] Cartagena is also one of the oldest cities in America, The history of Cartagena of Indies is divided in several periods that are placed starting point the arrival from Christopher Columbus to the American continent. It begins with the period before the arrival of the Spanish or before Columbus empire and it continues with the discovery and Spanish conquest, the colonization process, the movements independentistas, the republican era, the civil conflicts, until covering the recent history. Cartagena or also call the walled city, the old city, among other more... it is one of the big treasures that Colombia possesses. The Tourism industry in Colombia developed in the 1940s and has maintained a steady growth since then. The main touristic destinations are Bogotá, Cartagena, Eje cafetero, Santa Marta, Medellín, Cali, Barranquilla, San Andrés Island among others, each presenting different tourist attractions. There are different tourist season in Colombia, the two most busy are related to religious celebrations; the holy week and Christmas among other numerous public holidays, including the celebrations surrounding the Independence of Colombia.[19] The most notable festivities are the Cali's Fair, the Barranquilla's Carnival, the Bogotá summer festival, the Iberoamerican Theater Festival, the Festival of the Flowers, the Vallenato Legend Festival, Carnival of Blacks and Whites and the Fiestas del Mar. Despite Travel advisories warning not to travel to Colombia due to Colombian armed conflict, the country continues to attract more tourists in recent years. The apparent cause appears to be the current hardline approach of President Álvaro Uribe called democratic security to push rebels groups farther away from the major cities, highways and tourist sites that may attract international visitors. Since President Uribe took office in 2002, he has notably increased Colombia's stability and security by significantly boosting its military strength and police presence throughout the country. The varied and rich geography, flora and fauna of Colombia has also developed an eco-touristic industry, mostly developed in the National Natural Parks of Colombia which include the areas of Amacayacu Park in the Department of Amazonas, Colombian National Coffee Park in the town of Montenegro, Quindío, the Nevado del Ruiz volcano in Los Nevados National Park (near the city of Manizales), Cocora valley in Salento, Quindío, PANACA theme Park, PANACA Savanna Park, Tayrona Park in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range (near the city of Santa Marta), the Tatacoa Desert, the Chicamocha Canyon National Park, Gorgona and Malpelo islands, as well as Cabo de la Vela in the Guajira Peninsula. Colombia has a network of national highways maintained by the Instituto Nacional de Vías or INVIAS (National Institute of Roadways) government agency under the Ministry of Transport. The Pan-American Highway travels through Colombia, connecting the country with Venezuela to the east and Ecuador to the south. Colombia's principal airport is El Dorado International Airport in Bogotá. Several national airlines (Avianca, AeroRepública, AIRES , SATENA and Easy Fly, ), and international airlines (such as Iberia, American Airlines, Varig, Copa, Continental, Delta, Air Canada, Air France, Aerolineas Argentinas, Aerogal, TAME, TACA ) operate from El Dorado. Bogotá's airport is one of the largest and most expensive in Latin America. Because of its central location in Colombia and America, it is preferred by national land transportation providers, as well as national and international air transportation providers. The country has a diverse population that reflects its colourful history and the peoples that have populated here from ancient times to the present. The historic amalgam of the different main groups forms the basics of Colombia's current demographics: European immigrants, Indigenous Natives, Africans, Asians, Middle Easterners and other recent immigrants. Many of the indigenous peoples were absorbed into the mestizo population, but the remaining 700000 currently represent over eighty-five distinct cultures. The European immigrants were primarily Spanish colonists, but a good number of other Europeans (Dutch, German, French, Swiss, Belgian, also many North Americans migrated to the Caribbean region in the late XIX early XX century, in smaller numbers Polish, Lithuanian, English and Croatian communities) immigrated during the Second World War and the Cold War. For example, former Bogotá mayor Antanas Mockus is the son of Lithuanian immigrants. Africans were brought as slaves, mostly to the coastal lowlands, beginning early in the sixteenth century, and continuing into the nineteenth century. Other immigrant populations include Asians and Middle Easterners, particularly Lebanese, Jordanians, Syrians, Chinese, Japanese and Koreans. Before the Spanish colonization of the region that would become the country of Colombia, the territory was the home of many different indigenous peoples. Today more than fifty different indigenous ethnic groups exist in Colombia. Most of them speak languages belonging to the Chibchan and Cariban linguistic families. The Colombian government has established 567 reserves for indigenous peoples and they are inhabitated by more than 800000 persons. Some of the largest indigenous groups are the Arhuacos, the Muisca, the Kuna people, the Witoto, the Páez, the Tucano, the Wayuu and the Guahibo. Because of its strategic location Colombia has received several immigration waves during its history. Most of these immigrants have settled in the Caribbean Coast; Barranquilla (the largest city in the Colombian Caribbean Coast) has the largest population of Arab Lebanese, Jewish, Italian, German, American, Chinese, French, Portuguese and Gypsy descendants. There are also important communities of German and Chinese descendants in the Caribbean Coast. The census data in Colombia does not take into account ethnicity, so percentages are basically estimates from other sources and can vary from one another. Statistics reveal that Colombians are predominantly Roman Catholic and overwhelmingly speakers of Spanish, and that a majority of them are the result of the a mixture of Europeans, Africans, Amerindians. More than two-thirds of all Colombians live in urban areas—a figure significantly higher than the world average. The literacy rate (94 percent) in Colombia is also well above the world average, and the rate of population growth is slightly higher than the world average. Also, a large proportion of Colombians are young, largely because of recent decreases in the infant mortality rate. While 33 percent of the people are 14 years of age or younger, just 4 percent are aged 65 or older. The Colombian constitution guarantees religious freedom, but also states that the State "is not atheist or agnostic, nor indifferent to Colombians' religious sentiment." Religious groups are readily able to obtain recognition as organized associations, but some smaller ones face difficulty in obtaining recognition as religious entities, which is required to offer chaplaincy services in public facilities.[27] For some time Colombia also had the highest murder rate in the world at 62 murders per 100000 people.[28] However, it has descended in recent years to 39 murders per 100000 people, bringing it down in the List of countries by murder rate below the levels of South Africa. Over 90 percent of the murdered are males. Regions like Putumayo, Guaviare and Arauca remain at 100 or more murders per 100000 inhabitants in 2005. In the year of 2006 the Colombian government had destroyed around 180387 acres (730 km²) beating all records in coca plant destruction. The Colombian government now plans to destroy around 123553 acres (500 km²) of coca plants in 2007 and they claim there will be only around 49421 acres (200 km²) left, which they claim will be destroyed in 2008.[31] While Colombian efforts to eradicate the coca plant have displaced production, they have not diminished the area on which the crop is harvested.[32]This disputes the Colombian claim that coca will be eradicated in 2008. According to Amnesty International's Annual Report 2006, "Although the number of killings and kidnappings in some parts of the country fell, serious human rights abuses committed by all parties to the conflict remained at critical levels. Of particular concern were reports of extrajudicial executions carried out by the security forces, killings of civilians by armed opposition groups and paramilitaries, and the forced displacement of civilian communities."[33] More than 3.5 million civilians out of the country’s 40 million people have been displaced during the last two decades, according to the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre.[34] According to Amnesty International, "Paramilitaries who had supposedly demobilized under the terms of a controversial law ratified in July continued to commit human rights violations, while armed opposition groups continued to commit serious and widespread breaches of international humanitarian law. Individuals who may have been responsible for war crimes and crimes against humanity were not brought to justice."[37] The Justice and Peace law, together with other legal mechanisms such as Decree 128, provides legal and economic benefits to demobilized paramilitaries. More than 25000 paramilitary members are taking advantage of the demobilization process. Amnesty International believes that some have concealed their paramilitary activities by using different names or acting as civilian informers and civic guards.[38] The culture of Colombia lies at the crossroads of Latin America characterized for having one of the most multicultural societies; a complex mixing of European, African, Native American and to a lesser extend Middle Eastern traditions that was later influenced by American culture and other Latin American cultures such as the Mexican culture, Argentine culture and Caribbean culture. Due to Colombia's geography and years of social and political instability, Colombian culture has been heavily fragmented into five major cultural regions which are also natural regions. Rural to urban migration, industrialisation, globalization and internal political, social and economic issues have changed Colombians' way of living throughout the years. Inherited from the Spanish colonization, Colombia in general maintains a large base of Roman Catholic traditions which largely influences its culture and multicultural society despite the presence of other beliefs. The Constitution of 1991 made possible the protections and freedom of religious beliefs. The mixture a variety of the different ethnic traditions developed unique hybrids of musical, dancing and rites expressions being Cumbia and Vallenato the most renown and strongly influenced by world pop culture. Colombia also has multiple celebrations and festivals through out the year, most of these being celebrations related to religious traditions, human expressions such as musical and theater, freedom celebration; as the case of the Ibero-American Theater Festival, Barranquilla's Carnival, Carnival of Blacks and Whites, the Independence day every July 20th, the holy week and Christmas. One of the most important aspects in Colombia is television with telenovelas playing a key role in the Colombian culture and lately the growing local film industry. Colombians have developed a special passion for the Football (soccer) sport, the Colombia national football team is seen as a symbol of unity and national pride. Colombia has been an "exporter" of many famous players, such as Jonathan Estrada, Freddy Rincon, Carlos Valderrama, Ruben Dario Bustos and Faustino Asprilla. Colombia also celebrated and shows their unity and pride by the triumphs of many athletes in different sport disciplines who are Colombian, more notably Juan Pablo Montoya in NASCAR, Edgar Rentería in MLB and Camillo Villegas on the PGA Tour. Other Colombians of pride are those who are successful in different disciplines, such as literature like the Nobel Prize winner, Gabriel Garcia Marquez; Art like master Fernando Botero, and Shakira, Juanes and Carlos Vives in music. Colombia also has a vivid reputation for theater, such as El Zorro, and Betty La Fea, which different versions were produced in the United States, Croatia, Mexico and more. Many famous actors such as Rafael Novoa, Sofia Vergara, and Wilmer Valderrama
