Colombia is the 26 largest country in the world and the fourth largest country in South America (after Brazil, Argentina and Peru), with an area more than twice that of France. In Latin America, but in a country with the third largest population, after Brazil and Mexico. The country is currently suffering from low intensity conflicts related to the rebel guerrilla groups, paramilitary groups, drug trafficking and corruption in the smaller cities and in some cities. Conflict arose around 1964-1966, when the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and National Liberation Army (ELN) was established and began its campaign against the guerrilla insurgency Colombian Government several administrations. The word "Columbia" is derived from the name of Christopher Columbus (Cristobal Colon in Spanish, Italian Christopher Columbus). It was conceived revolutionary Francisco de Miranda, as a reference to the New World, especially for all American colonies and territories under Spanish and Portuguese rule. The name was later adopted by the Republic of Colombia in 1819 formed by the merger of Venezuela, New Granada and Ecuador. Spanish researchers have taken the first study Caribbean in 1500 was led by Rodrigo de Bastidas. Christopher Columbus shipping near the Caribbean in 1502. In 1508, Vasco Núñez de Balboa began conquering territory through Uraba region. In 1513, he was also the first European to open in the Pacific, which he called the Mar del Sur (or "Sea of the South"), which, incidentally, would bring the Spaniards to Peru and Chile. In the territory of the population consisted of the Chief of hundreds of tribes and Carib Chibchan, currently known as the Caribbean, before Spaniards conquered through war and alliances, while as a result of illness, as well as demographic conquest itself cause reduction in the number of indigenous people. In the sixteenth century, Europeans began to bring slaves from Africa. Since the beginning of the conquest and colonization period, there were several rebel movements under Spanish rule, the majority of them either crushed or left too weak to change the overall situation. The last of them, who seek immediate independence from Spain, grew up around 1810, after the proclamation of independence of St. Domingo in 1804 (present day Haiti), who provided non little support, in the end, the leaders of the rebellion: Simon Bolivar and Francisco de Paula Santander. Simon Bolivar was the first president of Colombia and Francisco de Paula Santander was vice president when Simon Bolivar stepped down, Santander became the second president of Colombia. In rebellion finally succeeded in 1819, when the territory of the Republic of New Granada became the Republic of Gran Colombia organized as a confederation along Ecuador and Venezuela (Panama was part of Colombia). Internal political and territorial differences led to the separation of Venezuela and Quito (Ecuador today) in 1830. At the moment, the so-called "Department of Cundinamarca, then adopted the name" New Granada, which it kept until 1856 when he became a "Granadina Confederation (Confederation Grenadines). After two years of civil war in 1863, the "United States of Colombia" was created, which will continue until 1886, when the country finally became known as the Republic of Colombia. Internal differences remained between the bipartisan political force, sometimes igniting a bloody civil war, the most significant being the Thousand Days of civil war (1899 - 1902), which together with the United States intent to influence in the region (especially the construction of the Panama Canal and control) led for the separation of the Department of Panama in 1903, and its creation as a nation. Colombia, covering a year long war with Peru over a territorial dispute with the Department of Amazonas and its capital Leticia. Soon after, Colombia has achieved a relative degree of political stability, which was interrupted in the bloody conflicts that have occurred between the end of 1940 and early 1950, during the period, known as "Violencia (" The Violence "). His case was basically because of the tensions between the two major political parties, which subsequently ignited after the assassination of Liberal candidate for the Presidency Jorge Eliécer Gaitan on April 9, 1948. This murder as a result of unrest in Bogota and became known as "El Bogotazo, the violence of the riots by spreading in the country and claimed the lives of at least 180000 Colombians. From 1953 to 1964 violence between the two political parties declined at first when Gustavo Rojas deposed President of Colombia in the coup attempt, and negotiations with the rebels, and then within the military junta, General Gabriel París Gordillo. After Rojas deposition of the two political parties Colombian Conservative Party and the Liberal Party of Colombia have agreed to set up a "National Front", in which the Liberal and Conservative parties will jointly manage. The presidency will be determined by an alternating conservative and liberal president every 4 years, 16 years, the two sides will have parity in all other elective offices. National Front ended with "La Violencia, and the National Front administrations have tried to institute far-reaching social and economic reforms in cooperation with the Alliance for Progress. In the end, every subsequent conflict between liberal and conservative administration made clear results mixed. Despite progress in some sectors, many social and political injustice, and many continued guerrillas were formally established such as the FARC, ELN and the M-19 to fight with the Government and political apparatus with the influence of the cold war doctrine. Emerging in the late 1970's powerful and violent drug cartels in the 1980s and 1990. In Medellin Cartel by Pablo Escobar and the Cali Cartel, in particular, efforts by political, economic and social influence in Colombia during that period. These cartels also financed and the influence of various illegal armed groups throughout the political spectrum. Some of the enemies of links with the guerrillas and created or influenced by paramilitary groups. The new Constitution of Colombia, in 1991 was ratified after drafted by the Constituent Assembly of Colombia. The Constitution includes key provisions relating to political, ethnic, gender and human rights. The new constitution originally prohibited the extradition of Colombian nationals. Were charged with drug cartels in lobbying in favor of the ban. In cartels, which had previously contributed to the campaign of violence against extradition, resulting in many terrorist attacks and mafia-style killings. They also are trying to influence the government and political structure of Colombia through corruption, as in the case of the 8000 Process scandal. In recent years, the country is still suffering as a result of drug trafficking, guerrilla insurgencies, as FARC and paramilitary groups such as the AUC (subsequently demobilized, although it remains an active paramilitary), which along with other minor factions participated in the bloody internal armed conflict. President Andres Pastrana and FARC attempts to negotiate a settlement of the conflict between 1998 and 2002 but was unable to do so. President Andres Pastrana also begun to implement the Plan Colombia initiative with the dual purpose of ending the armed conflict and promoting a strong anti-drug strategy. During the presidency of Alvaro Uribe, who was elected on the prospects for the application of military pressure on the FARC and other criminal groups, some indicators have improved, resulting in a reduction in the number of kidnappings registered (3700 2000 800 2005), and a decrease of more than 48% in the period between murders July 2002 and May 2005 and the terrorist guerrilla themselves dropped from 16900 to 8900 rebels rebels. He argued that these improvements have contributed to economic growth and tourism. [9] In 2006-2007 Colombian parapolitics scandal arose from revelations and judicial consequences of past and present links between paramilitary groups, mainly in the AUC, and some government officials, and many politicians, most of them in conjunction with the governing administration. [10] Geologicheski Colombia are two great land zones, a station in the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea in a total area of 828660 km ², and, secondly, there were land, which is formed by the Andes mountain range and plains Llanos, which together with Venezuela and occupies an area of approximately 1'143748 km ². Colombian surface characteristics form complex structures lands. In the western third of the country's territory, is the most difficult starting in the Pacific coast in the west and move east longitude at 5 degrees north, the various elements of the sequence occurs; At the far west are very narrow and discontinuous Pacific coastal lowlands, which are based on Serranía de Baudó, one of the lowest Colombia and narrow mountain ranges. Next is a wide Atrato region of Rio / Rio San Juan lowlands. In western mountain range, the Western Cordillera, a moderately high range with peaks reaching up to about 13000 feet (4000 m). In the Cauca river valley, an important agricultural region with few major cities on its borders separating the West from the massive Cordillera Central Cordillera. Several snow-clad volcano in the Cordillera Central have summits that rise above 18000 ft (5500 m). In the Magdalena River valley, one of the main transportation arteries that separates the Central Cordillera of the main eastern range, the Cordillera Oriental. In the eastern mountain peaks moderately high. This range differs from Colombia in the other mountain ranges in the fact that it contains several large pools. In the east, sparsely populated, apartment in the gently rolling eastern lowland called Llanos orientales part in the Orinoco River basin, and in the Amazon jungle, covered part of the Amazon (the so-called basins of the eastern plains) covers almost 60 per cent of country's total area. In the northern plains mostly natural part of the Caribbean region, which includes the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range, the highest mountain in the sea and the Guajira Peninsula, mainly dry with another distinct group from the Andes Mountains, in the Serranía de Macuira to form Guajira Barranquilla-xeric scrub. Climate Colombia is determined by its proximity to the Earth's Equator predominating tropical climate and insulated, introducing changes within five natural regions, and, depending on height; determined mountain climate, temperature, humidity, wind, depend on the trade winds and rainfall, which influence the Intertropical zone convergence. Colombia also suffered from the effects of El Nino and La Niña. Depending on the height of lowering the temperature of about 3.5 ° F (2 ° C) for every 1000 feet (300 m) increase in height above sea level, is a permanent snowy peaks to the bottom of the hot earth. Precipitation depending on the location and is present in two seasons (two dry and two rain), in Colombia is one of the highest rain in the world, in the Pacific. Precipitation in some areas of La Guajira peninsula rarely exceed 30 people (75 cm) a year. Colombia in the rainy south-east, however, are often drenched by more than 200 in (500 cm) of rain per year. Precipitation in most of the rest of the country is taking place between those two extremes. Altitude affects not only the temperature but also the vegetation. In fact, the height is one of the most significant impacts on vegetation patterns in Colombia. In mountainous areas of the country may be divided into several zones of vegetation, depending on the height, although height of each zone can vary somewhat depending on the latitude. In "Earth caliente (hot land), below 3300 feet (1000 m), a tropical crops. In templada Earth (moderate land) that is mounted at an altitude of 3300 to 6600 feet (1000 to 2000 m). Wheat and potatoes dominate in the Earth fría (cold land), and at altitudes of 6600 to 10500 feet (2000 to 3200 m). In a zone forestada "(forest area), which is between 10500 and 12800 ft (3200 m and 3900). Treeless land, pastures dominated páramos table, or alpine meadows, and at altitudes of 12800 to 15100 feet (3900 to 4600 m). Above 15100 ft (4600 m) where temperatures below is the "Earth helada", a zone of permanent snow and ice. Colombian flora and fauna also interact with the climate zone models. A scrub forest scattered trees and shrubs dominated the semi-arid north-eastern tropical steppe and desert. To the south, savannah (tropical grassland) vegetation eastern plains; part of the llanos of Colombia. In the rainy areas in the south-east are blanketed in tropical rain forests. In the mountains, the spotty nature of rainfall in the highland areas complicate vegetation patterns. In the rainy side of the mountain can be lush and green, but on the other hand, in the rain shadow can be parched. As a result, Colombia is considered among the 17 most megadiverse countries of the world. [14] In the environment in Colombia caused by natural disasters and human impacts on the environment. Natural disasters are defined in accordance with the Global Positioning Colombia to the Pacific ring of fire infliction of geological instability. In Colombia, about 15 major volcanoes, which are a result of the tragedy, as Armero and geological faults that have caused numerous devastating earthquakes, in 1999 Armenia earthquake. Human induced deforestation is also added to the problems of geological instability and flooding during the rainy season, the two regions are very sensitive to these mainly in the Caribbean region of Colombia; La Mojana area and Magdalena River. The population increase and the burning of fossil fuels and industries, including the production of other human waste contaminated the environment of major cities and near water sources. Participants in the Colombian armed conflict also contributed to the pollution of the environment in Colombia. In the illegally armed groups deforested much of the land the plant illicit crops (mostly in the public protected areas), while the government fumigation of crops with the use of hazardous chemicals. The rebels also destroyed pipelines creating major environmental disasters. The Government of Colombia is taking place within the presidential representative democratic republic, as stipulated in the Constitution of Colombia in 1991. The Colombian government is divided into three branches of government, executive, legislative and judicial branches with special supervision institutions and electoral institutions. President of Colombia is the maximum representative of the executive branch in Colombia, and is the Head of State and Head of Government with a higher administrative body, then vice president and the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Colombia. At the provincial level executive is the responsibility of the Department of governors, municipal mayors at the municipal level, and local administrators for small administrative units, such as corregidor for corregimientos. The legislature in Colombia represent the National Congress of Colombia, which constitute an upper house Senate and the House of Representatives. At the provincial level, the legislature is in the collection department and the municipal level, with municipal councils. Both the legislative and executive branches of government share a great part of public authorities and the judicial branch of Colombia function as an independent body from the two other branches, which have total power. The judiciary under the adversarial system is represented in the Supreme Court, which is the highest authority in this field, but shared the responsibility with the Council of State, the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Judicial Council, which also have jurisdiction and the regional courts. Colombia is divided into 32 departments and one capital, which will be treated as a department. There are a total of 10 districts established for the city in Colombia, including Bogota, Barranquilla, Cartagena, Santa Marta, Tunja, Cúcuta, Popayan, Buenaventura, Tumaco and Turbo. Колумбия также подразделяются на несколько муниципалитетов, которые образуют департаменты, в каждом из муниципальных место столицы назначены. Колумбия также подразделяются на коррехимьенто которые образуют муниципалитеты. Каждый отдел имеет местного самоуправления, который возглавляет департамент губернатора и его собственный отдел собрания избирается сроком на четыре года в региональных выборах. Каждый муниципалитет также возглавляет муниципальных мэра и городского совета. И для коррехимьенто там будет избран corregidor или местного лидера. 18 Гуахира 19 Магдалена 20 Мета 21 Нариньо 22 Норте де Сантандер 23 Путумайо 24 Quindío 25 Risaralda 26 Сан-Андрес и Провиденсия 27 Сантандер 28 Сукре 29 Толима 30 Валье-дель-Каука 31 Vaupes 32 Vichada 33 Боготе * (округа капитал) Некоторые департамента также местных административных региональных подразделений, таких, как департаментов Антиокия и Кундинамарка, где города есть большой концентрации населения и муниципалитетов, расположены ближе друг к другу. В случае некоторых департаментов, где население по-прежнему ощущается нехватка проблем безопасности, таких, как в восточных департаментах Колумбии Амазонас, Ваупес и Vichada существуют специальные административные определения территорий, некоторые из них рассматриваются Департаментом коррехимьенто, которые представляют собой гибрид между corregimiento и муниципалитет. Разница, кроме населения, также распространяются на сокращение установленного бюджета. Исполнительная власть несет ответственность за управление делами обороны Колумбии с президентом Колумбии является верховным главнокомандующим вооруженными силами, а затем министром обороны, который контролирует Вооруженные силы Колумбии и колумбийской национальной полиции, среди других учреждений . Колумбийская армия разделена на три ветви с их цепочки командования; колумбийской Национальной армии, ВВС Колумбии и колумбийскими Национальный Армада. В национальных полицейских функций в качестве жандармерии, независимо от Военно как правоохранительные учреждения по всей стране. Каждая из этих операционных с их собственной разведывательной аппаратуры, а также отдельно форме национальной разведки административным департаментом де Безопасность. Национальная полиция присутствие во всех муниципалитет мест Колумбии, в то время как национальная армия формируется отделов, полков и специальных подразделений. Колумбийская Национальная Армада формируется в Колумбии морской пехоты, военно-морских сил в Тихом океане, военно-морских сил в Карибском бассейне, военно-морских сил в Южной, Колумбия береговой охраны, военно-морской авиации и специфические командования Сан-Андрес и Провиденсия. Колумбийские ВВС составляют 13 воздушных подразделений: EMAVI, ESUFA, IMA, CACOM 1, CACOM 2, CACOM 3, CACOM 4, CACOM 5, CACOM 6, CATAM, CAMAN, GACAR и GAORI. Министр иностранных дел Колумбии, возглавляемый президентом Колумбии и управляться с министром иностранных дел. Колумбия имеет дипломатических миссий на всех континентах, но не во всех странах, а также многосторонних отношений с Брюсселем (Миссии Европейского союза), Женева (постоянные представительства при Организации Объединенных Наций и других международных организаций), Монтевидео (постоянных представительств при ЛАИ и МЕРКОСУР) Найроби (постоянные представительства при Организации Объединенных Наций и других международных организаций), Нью-Йорк (постоянные представительства при Организации Объединенных Наций) Париж (Постоянное представительство при ЮНЕСКО), Рим (Постоянное ФАО) Вашингтон (Постоянное представительство при Организации американских государств) . В международных отношениях Колумбии в основном сосредоточены на борьбе с незаконной торговлей наркотиками, улучшение изображения Колумбии в международном сообществе, борьба с терроризмом, расширение колумбийских товаров на мировом рынке и экологические проблемы. Колумбия пользуется особым военным и торговое сотрудничество и поддержку со стороны Соединенных Штатов в основном через План Колумбия в борьбе против внутренних вооруженных групп, а также особые финансовые преференции со стороны Европейского союза в определенных продуктов. Политика Колумбия проходить в рамках президентской представитель демократической республикой, как это предусмотрено в Конституции Колумбии в 1991 году. Конституция наделила Национального избирательного совета, а также национального реестра гражданских государство с помощью функции организации и контроля за избирательным процессом в Колумбии. Начиная с 2005 года реформа избирательного процесса соблюдает закон 974 от 2005 г., изменен способ организации политических партий и взаимодействовать в правительстве. Колумбии проходит через три избирательных процессов избрать кандидатов, в течение четырех лет, а президентские выборы, на посты президента и вице-президента кандидатов (разрешено служить одной переизбрания, 8 лет), Парламентские выборы в конгресс; сената и палаты представителей (уполномоченных многие термины путем переизбрания), а также региональных выборов к выборам губернаторов департамент, департамент собраний, муниципальных мэров и муниципальных советов и местных административных хунт (исполнительной региональными лидерами являются только уполномоченные на один срок в этой должности). На последних президентских и парламентских выборов были по 28 мая 2006 года, в котором президент Альваро Урибе был избран в результате голосования 62%, причем 22% будет Карлос Гавирия в Демократической полюсе, и 12% для Орасио Серпа от Либеральной партии. Колумбия в двухпалатный парламент конгресса Колумбии состоит из 166 мест в Палате представителей Колумбии и 102-место сената Колумбии. Члены обеих палат избираются всенародным голосованием, чтобы служить четырехлетний срок. С конгрессменами, Колумбия также избирает президента. Департамент депутатов, городские советы и мэры избираются один год и пять месяцев после президента и конгрессменов в выборах. Последние региональные выборы на 28 октября 2007 года с примерно 27 миллионов колумбийцев склонны голосования избрать между около 86 тысяч кандидатов представлять 1098 колумбийских муниципалитетов и 32 губернаторов департаментов Колумбии. Колумбийские власти мобилизовали 167559 солдат и полицейских, с тем чтобы бдение в 9950 голосовании сайтов. [15] Процесс выборов в судебной системе возглавляет Конституционного суда и членов, назначаемых Конгрессом Колумбии из кандидатур, выдвинутых президентом и другими высокопоставленными судов, председателей судов, в то же время избран в ходе внутренних выборов. В избирательной институты и институты по контролю Колумбия лица, также назначаются президентом и утверждаются на съезде, как генеральный инспектор Колумбии. Колумбия экономика подпитывается богатыми природными ресурсами, очень грамотного населения и сравнительно высокой стоимостью валюты. После испытывают десятилетий неуклонного роста (средний рост ВВП превысил 4% за период 1970-1998), Колумбия пережила спад в 1999 году (первый полный год отрицательный рост с 1929 года), и о взыскании с, что спад был долгим и болезненным. Колумбия экономика страдает от слабого внутреннего и внешнего спроса, жесткой государственных бюджетов, а также серьезные внутренние вооруженные конфликты. Колумбия является также крупнейшим экспортером пизанги в Соединенные Штаты. В Латинской Америке, Колумбии известна как поставщик штраф нижнего белья, с промышленностью в центре Медельина. Все импорт, экспорт, и общее сальдо торгового баланса в рекордного уровня, и приток экспортных долларов, привело к значительной переоценки колумбийского песо. Проблемы, с которыми сталкиваются страны колеблется от системы пенсионного проблемы наркотиков с умеренно высокий уровень безработицы (12%). Ряд международных финансовых учреждений, высоко оценили экономические реформы нынешнего президента Альваро Урибе, которые включают в себя меры, направленные на доведение государственного сектора дефицита ниже 2,5% от валового внутреннего продукта (ВВП). В экономической политики правительства и его противоречивые демократической безопасности, стратегия породила растущее чувство уверенности в экономике, и темпы роста ВВП в 2003 году был одним из самых высоких в Латинской Америке. 28 мая 2007 г. Американский журнал BusinessWeek опубликовал статью именования Колумбия самых экстремальных Emerging Market на Земле. [18] Именно эта третья более важным городе Колумбии, Кали Сантьяго столицу департамента долины Каука в suroccidente в стране, это, заключается в 484 км от столицы страны (Богота), Кали является одной из крупных финансовых центрах Колумбии, как это в общих знаний она также Кали один из крупных и мощных городов Колумбии, это второй город, населенных более, если мы говорим о гражданской сфере, потому что он / она имеет 2,1 million жителей, и он превзошел по гражданским периметру Санта веру Боготе в среднем на 6, 8 млн. человек, если речь идет о столичном районе она является третьей часов более густонаселенных затем он обладает 2,9 млн. жителей, поскольку для этого он превзошел по муниципальные районы, как, в столичном районе Боготы DC в среднем на 8,1 миллиона жителей, а также изюм столичном районе города Медельин в среднем на 3,1 млн. человек. Этот город обладает огромным потенциалом, что находит отражение на международном уровне, она является центром некоторых колумбийских событий без большое значение, хотя она не преодолены в мероприятиях в столицу страны "Боготе DC", а в Картахену из Индии DT и С. весьма признателен событий в Кали являются (Справедливая из сахарного тростника, в Кали, который является весьма признателен ярмарка в Латинской Америке, еще один случай значение Кали Exposhow которая является событием, что преобладает в моде, здоровье и красоты в Колумбии). То, что действительно имеет значение в Кали, состоит в том, что он обладает районе, большие и успешные финансовые bastantemente, этот город, который он / она признает, поскольку он также является одним из старейших из Колумбии и Латинской Америке, она была разработана практически в одиночку, потому что очень далеко от столицы страны, это единственный город, который был разработан на столь высоком уровне в одиночку перед Экономическое положение о том, что успех в предоставлении в Колумбии. Он выражается как промежуточное город и без актуальности в Латинской Америке, в столичной области выделяется в целом; общества, экономики, культуры и истории, Кали располагает административными и финансовыми активной областью, где вы / они несколько серий величественно из больших и интеллектуальных конструкций, в том числе те, что, как один из хороших известных конструкций из метрополий "Башня Кали" с 48 этажа \ 180 метров высотой самом высоком здании города, а также с разбивкой по архитекторов резкое рассуждать, как один из лучших сооружений в Латинской Америке. С учетом этого типа отношения, что город принял в последние годы она выражается, что Кали является DC один из городов, которые имели больше развитие в прошлом веке в Колумбии вместе с Медельине и Боготе Экономика Кали является централизованной в сахарного тростника, в текстильной области, туризма , в городе начинается с 3 секторов экономики, в которых преобладают конструкции с ростом 28,27%, по промышленности, что 14,59% вырос; торговли, с 11, 15%, и транспорт, с 9,76% в начале 2008 года , согласно статистическим из НСУ, а приобретательной роста сократились, начиная с 1994 года, когда в Кали был забрать свой вклад в Национальный ВВП на 9,6% , отсюда в столичной экономике происходит постепенное снижение до прибытия в год с 2000 года до 5,7 % от национального ВВП, начиная от экономики здесь снова возвышает его до тех пор, пока прогресс, прибывающих в 2007 г. с 7,2% от национального ВВП, то цели , что считается для этого первого триместра для Торговой палаты Кали был даже один catkin в размере 12,5% от ВВП, митрополит расшифровываются в 2007 г. Организацией ДАНЕ, выработать таким образом, до 8,3% от национального ВВП. В финансовой сфере в целом, что метрополий проходить, как сахар, компания более признателен vallecaucana для этой полезности "Из Христофор Колумб", в документе, компания более признателен vallecaucana для этой утилиты является "Карвахаль", строительства, весьма признателен компании этой полезности "Цементы Аргус", который является союз (компания Паиса "Аргус" и компании Vallecaucana "Цементы из долины"), цементы завоевателя (Кали) ", между большой группой, и производителей fluyente, среди других коммунальных услуг , что он обладает город, как недвижимость, финансовые услуги и услуги в целом, как "отели, рестораны и другие", В городе Кали, и в долине Каука соответствовать одной из главных экономических осей Колумбии. Город является точкой экономических национальных и международных обменов. Она вынуждена шаг из / в направлении юга страны и границы с Эквадором, и это связано с миром через морской порт Хорошее состояние. По традиции, города и департамента они были пространства страны собственности, той же, что было во времена Колонии, с минами, является ось более важным постановка suroccidente в стране и третья более важным из Колумбии. В сфере образования, в университете с более престиж в городе, в департаменте и регионе является университет Валье, это Метрополитен и департаментов университета, является одним из наиболее отметил на национальном и международном уровне, с его главной штаб-квартирой в Сантьяго Кали, это, выделяется в нескольких средах, как они; математики, медицины, литературы среди прочих подробнее ... Еще один университет, что тот, который сохраняется, но лишенных символов является "Университет Сантьяго с Кали, которая является одним из университетов, что soaks нас они обладают. Этот город, по мнению некоторых писателей, художников международного размера, призывает его / ее филиал небо, столице соус среди прочих прозвищ больше, чем они заполняют от гордости Caleño ... Кали является также одним из городов, что в Колумбии с потенциалом в области туризма, места, что один принимает, как образ Кали являются, их площади и музеи, парки, библиотеки, на холме Сан-Антонио, Башня Кали, Река Кали, The Памятник Христа королем в Кали, Памятник Себастьян из Белалказар, административные башни Емкали, помимо своих текущих проектов и фьючерсы. The projects that are carrying out at the moment in the metropolitan area of Cali are; The center of Conventions Valley of Pacific is in the freeway Cali-Yumbo metropolitan "area of Cali" is the second bigger center of conventions of the nation, and the third at South American level, another project is the stadium of sport Cali in the straight line Cali-Palmira metropolitan "area of Cali" is the biggest Stadium in Colombia and with more technology and one of those that give the size at international level as to receive an average of 58.000 spectators, which is also foreseen for a possible world future of Soccer in Colombia; a very important project is also Ilabama, which is the cultural biggest center in the nation is in the central area of the city, another project is MIO, transport massive for the city of Cali which also possesses its stations buses of great size and "MIO cable" to arrive to the high area of Cali. Cali, although it is not brought near Bogotá DC in many environments, it is a competition for other cities like Barranquilla in mutual importance, of which is already doubted since both they are administrative and financial big and powerful areas "Cali and barranquilla", until recently there was dispute, but given to the millionaire losses that he/she took place the city and to the socio-economic problems, but the importance between Cali and Medellín is mutual although at the moment Cali continues being the third city of the country, because the projects of those which nowadays are carried out in Cali they give place to an improvement and appraisement to the metropolises. In the education, the university that prevails in Medellín is the University of Antioquia, this Metropolitan and departmental university with main headquarters in Medellín, this it is one of the state most renowned universities, it is in turn, it is among the best and grateful in the Colombian Republic, he/she stands out in Literature, Medicine and Dentistry, among other more... Another university that is known enough and it prevails in the region in the environment of the education, it is the headquarters in Medellín of the National University of Colombia the University of Medellín it is also one of the most noted universities that the paisas possesses. Medellín or also call the capital of the mountain, he/she has always stood out to stay vigorously high in their since economy in the year 1996 where Medellín was in its point summit of 9.4% of the National GDP, starting from here its economic acquisition stayed until arriving a year 2002 where the economy paisa 1.2% of the National GDP that the city contributed fell, it stops this way to be in 8.1% of here the economy stays in constant high and low where in the first trimester of the 2007, Medellín was contributing 8.2% of the National GDP, but in the last study carried out by the DANE Medellín represents 7.94% of the National GDP at the moment, the perspective that the Chamber of Commerce of Medellín has for this first trimester is an increase considered excellently by many experts high, because it is an increase of 16.7% of the metropolitan GDP so that the economy is this way for the first trimester in a contribution of 9.2% of the National GDP, but at the present time Medellín like it was named previously it represents 7.94% of the National GDP that in turn together with the Valley of it Bores they contribute near 10.8%, you calculate revealed by the DANE in the last trimester of the 2007. Being one of the most productive regions in the country. He/she has a GDP per capita (with PPA) from US $ 3.794 superior to the main other cities of Colombia and a managerial density is of 25 companies for each 1.000 inhabitants that it is third o'clock more high of Colombia. The economy of Medellín is centered a lot in the textile area, the fashion in dressing in the one that the metropolises intrude in an exorbitant way, is also Medellín center of many events that support the society, metropolitan economy, hence it is a tourist center of big satisfaction to the society paisa, these they are some of the companies paisas that have been successful firm in the last decade, EPM, UNITES, among other many companies of all type of character, especially textile, since Medellín is the national most important center in the Textile area and financier you dare of Bancolombia. Medellín like it has been named previously it is so much a very dense area administrative and financial, a great dispute of the second place existed between Medellín and Cali, in fact Medellín you overcomes much more than Cali during long time, for its good economy its socioeconomic and ecological good state, also given to the descrecencia of the economy caleña and the quantity of constant embezzlements that gave place in the city of Cali, besides the great quantity of factors that you/they helped Medellín become the great metropolises of now, the Meter of Medellín you intervening with three kilometers is at the moment but and with the meter cables and meter bonus that feed him, but even this way Medellín and Cali not defendant bigger results to give an I diagnose accustomed to of which is more you care you , reason why the importance is mutual. Being the capital of the department of the Atlantic one, Barranquilla it is the fourth most important city for Colombia, it is the Colombian marine more important port of the Atlantic one and the most important second in the since country the most important it is the port of Good fortune, Barranquilla it is the fourth city in all the aspects, Economic, social, Urban, this city is inhabited by an average of 1.2 million inhabitants. The economy of Barranquilla is based on its marine area, although it is also known to be tourist place, it lacks a financial very big area it is a medium area compared with the previous cities, Barranquilla passed to the category of Special, Industrial and Port District of Barranquilla in 1993 because it highlights its importance in the sector of the national economy. In the same way, the city is in the tourist first region of Colombia, North Costa, between the main poles of attraction like Cartagena of Indies to the suroccidente, besides San Andrés and Providence Islands, and Santa Marta to the nororiente. In Barranquilla he/she takes place the most important Carnival in Colombia and the third in Latin America, which is the "Carnival of Barranquilla" carried out in the metropolitan area of Barranquilla. In education the good known university for this area of Colombia is the University of Atlantic, this Municipal and regional University is the most noted for these sides of Colombia, he/she stands out in; Biology, Microbiology, Biology Marina, Physics among other more ... Barranquilla or also call the Sandy one, is an industrial center of first order. The economic activity is dynamic and he/she concentrates mainly on the industry, the trade, services and he/she fishes. Among the industrial products the vegetable fats and oils are had, pharmaceutical, chemical, industrial products, footwear, chassis for buses, drinks, soaps, bricks, garments of dressing and crafts. The city has the best infrastructure in Frank Area in the Region Caribbean and of the best in the country. Branquilla produces an average of 5.8% GDP. Being the capital of Bolívar's department, Cartagena of Indies DT, is the most important city at historical level in the nation the same as at Latin American level, although this alone city possesses 0.9 million inhabitants and although it is not vastly big, it is where the Colonists began to face the native South Americans, it was the city more hit by the European colonists, its history is demonstrated by their old walls, canyons and castles of the old city of Cartagena, Cartagena is at the moment the city with more tourism in Colombia and one of those that possess a lot of tourism at international level, in Cartagena is the city in the one that more they are carried out events at National level but national and international character, the most outstanding are; (The National reign of Beauty, which is carried out as a rule in the hotel HILTON Cartagena of Indies, another event is the fair of the book that gives place in Cartagena, which is the second literary more important fair of the paí, because the most important is the Fair of the book in Bogotá DC), Cartagena like you already names previously it is the good known center for many events of national and international size, it is also a fundamental great port of Colombian Atlantic, Car [[Imagen:Cartegena102 .jpg |thumb |left |300px |Night Pánoramica of the old city of Cartagena.]] Cartagena is also one of the oldest cities in America, The history of Cartagena of Indies is divided in several periods that are placed starting point the arrival from Christopher Columbus to the American continent. It begins with the period before the arrival of the Spanish or before Columbus empire and it continues with the discovery and Spanish conquest, the colonization process, the movements independentistas, the republican era, the civil conflicts, until covering the recent history. Cartagena or also call the walled city, the old city, among other more... it is one of the big treasures that Colombia possesses. The Tourism industry in Colombia developed in the 1940s and has maintained a steady growth since then. The main touristic destinations are Bogotá, Cartagena, Eje cafetero, Santa Marta, Medellín, Cali, Barranquilla, San Andrés Island among others, each presenting different tourist attractions. There are different tourist season in Colombia, the two most busy are related to religious celebrations; the holy week and Christmas among other numerous public holidays, including the celebrations surrounding the Independence of Colombia.[19] The most notable festivities are the Cali's Fair, the Barranquilla's Carnival, the Bogotá summer festival, the Iberoamerican Theater Festival, the Festival of the Flowers, the Vallenato Legend Festival, Carnival of Blacks and Whites and the Fiestas del Mar. Despite Travel advisories warning not to travel to Colombia due to Colombian armed conflict, the country continues to attract more tourists in recent years. The apparent cause appears to be the current hardline approach of President Álvaro Uribe called democratic security to push rebels groups farther away from the major cities, highways and tourist sites that may attract international visitors. Since President Uribe took office in 2002, he has notably increased Colombia's stability and security by significantly boosting its military strength and police presence throughout the country. The varied and rich geography, flora and fauna of Colombia has also developed an eco-touristic industry, mostly developed in the National Natural Parks of Colombia which include the areas of Amacayacu Park in the Department of Amazonas, Colombian National Coffee Park in the town of Montenegro, Quindío, the Nevado del Ruiz volcano in Los Nevados National Park (near the city of Manizales), Cocora valley in Salento, Quindío, PANACA theme Park, PANACA Savanna Park, Tayrona Park in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range (near the city of Santa Marta), the Tatacoa Desert, the Chicamocha Canyon National Park, Gorgona and Malpelo islands, as well as Cabo de la Vela in the Guajira Peninsula. Colombia has a network of national highways maintained by the Instituto Nacional de Vías or INVIAS (National Institute of Roadways) government agency under the Ministry of Transport. The Pan-American Highway travels through Colombia, connecting the country with Venezuela to the east and Ecuador to the south. Colombia's principal airport is El Dorado International Airport in Bogotá. Several national airlines (Avianca, AeroRepública, AIRES , SATENA and Easy Fly, ), and international airlines (such as Iberia, American Airlines, Varig, Copa, Continental, Delta, Air Canada, Air France, Aerolineas Argentinas, Aerogal, TAME, TACA ) operate from El Dorado. Bogotá's airport is one of the largest and most expensive in Latin America. Because of its central location in Colombia and America, it is preferred by national land transportation providers, as well as national and international air transportation providers. The country has a diverse population that reflects its colourful history and the peoples that have populated here from ancient times to the present. The historic amalgam of the different main groups forms the basics of Colombia's current demographics: European immigrants, Indigenous Natives, Africans, Asians, Middle Easterners and other recent immigrants. Many of the indigenous peoples were absorbed into the mestizo population, but the remaining 700000 currently represent over eighty-five distinct cultures. The European immigrants were primarily Spanish colonists, but a good number of other Europeans (Dutch, German, French, Swiss, Belgian, also many North Americans migrated to the Caribbean region in the late XIX early XX century, in smaller numbers Polish, Lithuanian, English and Croatian communities) immigrated during the Second World War and the Cold War. For example, former Bogotá mayor Antanas Mockus is the son of Lithuanian immigrants. Africans were brought as slaves, mostly to the coastal lowlands, beginning early in the sixteenth century, and continuing into the nineteenth century. Other immigrant populations include Asians and Middle Easterners, particularly Lebanese, Jordanians, Syrians, Chinese, Japanese and Koreans. Before the Spanish colonization of the region that would become the country of Colombia, the territory was the home of many different indigenous peoples. Today more than fifty different indigenous ethnic groups exist in Colombia. Most of them speak languages belonging to the Chibchan and Cariban linguistic families. The Colombian government has established 567 reserves for indigenous peoples and they are inhabitated by more than 800000 persons. Some of the largest indigenous groups are the Arhuacos, the Muisca, the Kuna people, the Witoto, the Páez, the Tucano, the Wayuu and the Guahibo. Because of its strategic location Colombia has received several immigration waves during its history. Most of these immigrants have settled in the Caribbean Coast; Barranquilla (the largest city in the Colombian Caribbean Coast) has the largest population of Arab Lebanese, Jewish, Italian, German, American, Chinese, French, Portuguese and Gypsy descendants. There are also important communities of German and Chinese descendants in the Caribbean Coast. The census data in Colombia does not take into account ethnicity, so percentages are basically estimates from other sources and can vary from one another. Statistics reveal that Colombians are predominantly Roman Catholic and overwhelmingly speakers of Spanish, and that a majority of them are the result of the a mixture of Europeans, Africans, Amerindians. More than two-thirds of all Colombians live in urban areas—a figure significantly higher than the world average. The literacy rate (94 percent) in Colombia is also well above the world average, and the rate of population growth is slightly higher than the world average. Also, a large proportion of Colombians are young, largely because of recent decreases in the infant mortality rate. While 33 percent of the people are 14 years of age or younger, just 4 percent are aged 65 or older. The Colombian constitution guarantees religious freedom, but also states that the State "is not atheist or agnostic, nor indifferent to Colombians' religious sentiment." Religious groups are readily able to obtain recognition as organized associations, but some smaller ones face difficulty in obtaining recognition as religious entities, which is required to offer chaplaincy services in public facilities.[27] For some time Colombia also had the highest murder rate in the world at 62 murders per 100000 people.[28] However, it has descended in recent years to 39 murders per 100000 people, bringing it down in the List of countries by murder rate below the levels of South Africa. Over 90 percent of the murdered are males. Regions like Putumayo, Guaviare and Arauca remain at 100 or more murders per 100000 inhabitants in 2005. In the year of 2006 the Colombian government had destroyed around 180387 acres (730 km²) beating all records in coca plant destruction. The Colombian government now plans to destroy around 123553 acres (500 km²) of coca plants in 2007 and they claim there will be only around 49421 acres (200 km²) left, which they claim will be destroyed in 2008.[31] While Colombian efforts to eradicate the coca plant have displaced production, they have not diminished the area on which the crop is harvested.[32]This disputes the Colombian claim that coca will be eradicated in 2008. According to Amnesty International's Annual Report 2006, "Although the number of killings and kidnappings in some parts of the country fell, serious human rights abuses committed by all parties to the conflict remained at critical levels. Of particular concern were reports of extrajudicial executions carried out by the security forces, killings of civilians by armed opposition groups and paramilitaries, and the forced displacement of civilian communities."[33] More than 3.5 million civilians out of the country’s 40 million people have been displaced during the last two decades, according to the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre.[34] According to Amnesty International, "Paramilitaries who had supposedly demobilized under the terms of a controversial law ratified in July continued to commit human rights violations, while armed opposition groups continued to commit serious and widespread breaches of international humanitarian law. Individuals who may have been responsible for war crimes and crimes against humanity were not brought to justice."[37] The Justice and Peace law, together with other legal mechanisms such as Decree 128, provides legal and economic benefits to demobilized paramilitaries. More than 25000 paramilitary members are taking advantage of the demobilization process. Amnesty International believes that some have concealed their paramilitary activities by using different names or acting as civilian informers and civic guards.[38] The culture of Colombia lies at the crossroads of Latin America characterized for having one of the most multicultural societies; a complex mixing of European, African, Native American and to a lesser extend Middle Eastern traditions that was later influenced by American culture and other Latin American cultures such as the Mexican culture, Argentine culture and Caribbean culture. Due to Colombia's geography and years of social and political instability, Colombian culture has been heavily fragmented into five major cultural regions which are also natural regions. Rural to urban migration, industrialisation, globalization and internal political, social and economic issues have changed Colombians' way of living throughout the years. Inherited from the Spanish colonization, Colombia in general maintains a large base of Roman Catholic traditions which largely influences its culture and multicultural society despite the presence of other beliefs. The Constitution of 1991 made possible the protections and freedom of religious beliefs. The mixture a variety of the different ethnic traditions developed unique hybrids of musical, dancing and rites expressions being Cumbia and Vallenato the most renown and strongly influenced by world pop culture. Colombia also has multiple celebrations and festivals through out the year, most of these being celebrations related to religious traditions, human expressions such as musical and theater, freedom celebration; as the case of the Ibero-American Theater Festival, Barranquilla's Carnival, Carnival of Blacks and Whites, the Independence day every July 20th, the holy week and Christmas. One of the most important aspects in Colombia is television with telenovelas playing a key role in the Colombian culture and lately the growing local film industry. Colombians have developed a special passion for the Football (soccer) sport, the Colombia national football team is seen as a symbol of unity and national pride. Colombia has been an "exporter" of many famous players, such as Jonathan Estrada, Freddy Rincon, Carlos Valderrama, Ruben Dario Bustos and Faustino Asprilla. Colombia also celebrated and shows their unity and pride by the triumphs of many athletes in different sport disciplines who are Colombian, more notably Juan Pablo Montoya in NASCAR, Edgar Rentería in MLB and Camillo Villegas on the PGA Tour. Other Colombians of pride are those who are successful in different disciplines, such as literature like the Nobel Prize winner, Gabriel Garcia Marquez; Art like master Fernando Botero, and Shakira, Juanes and Carlos Vives in music. Colombia also has a vivid reputation for theater, such as El Zorro, and Betty La Fea, which different versions were produced in the United States, Croatia, Mexico and more. Many famous actors such as Rafael Novoa, Sofia Vergara, and Wilmer Valderrama
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